Co-crystals

ABSTRACT

Co-crystals of itanapraced; methods of preparation of the co-crystals; uses of the co-crystals as APIs; formulations containing the co-crystals; uses of the co-crystals and formulations for prevention and treatment of neurodegeneration disorders, infections, dementias, inflammation, and injuries; and methods of prevention and treatment of neurodegeneration disorders, infections, dementias, inflammation, and injuries are described.

This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No.63/238,928, filed on Aug. 31, 2021, hereby incorporated by reference.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The invention generally relates to co-crystals; methods of preparationof co-crystals; uses of co-crystals as active pharmaceutical ingredients(APIs); dosage forms comprising co-crystals; methods of preparation ofdosage forms; uses of the co-crystals and the dosage forms comprisingco-crystals for prevention and treatment of neurodegeneration disorders,infections, dementias, inflammation, and injuries; and methods ofprevention and treatment of neurodegeneration disorders, infections,dementias, inflammation, and injuries.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

An active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) is an ingredient in apharmaceutical dosage form that is biologically active (i.e., a drug).Traditionally, a free base, a salt, a solvate, a hydrate, or a polymorphof the ingredient was used as an API.

A salt is a chemical compound formed from the reaction of an acid with abase.

A solvate is a multicomponent crystalline solid molecular adduct formedby solvation (i.e., the combination of solvent molecules or ions withmolecules of the solute). The solvate contains molecules or ions of thesolute and molecules of solvent(s) in a crystal lattice structure.

A hydrate is a multicomponent crystalline solid molecular adduct formedby hydration (i.e., the combination of water molecules with molecules orions of the solute). The hydrate contains molecules or ions of thesolute and molecules of water incorporated in a crystal latticestructure.

Polymorphs are single-component crystalline forms that have differentarrangements or conformations of molecules of one compound in a crystallattice.

Unlike salts, solvates, hydrates, and polymorphs; co-crystals arecrystalline materials comprising molecules of two or more differentcompounds in a fixed stoichiometric ratio in a crystal lattice. Themolecules of two or more different compounds are not covalently boundand do not interact ionically. Rather, the molecules of two or moredifferent compounds interact nonionically with each other in theco-crystals.

Co-crystals are distinguishable from salts, because the components ofco-crystals interact nonionically rather than ionically.

Co-crystals are distinguishable from polymorphs, because co-crystalscontain molecules of two or more different compounds rather thanmolecules of a single compound.

Co-crystals are distinguishable from solvates, because the secondcomponent of the co-crystal (a coformer) is not a solvent and typicallyis nonvolatile.

Co-crystals are distinguishable from hydrates, because the secondcomponent of the co-crystal (a coformer) is not water and typically isnonvolatile.

Co-crystals are also distinguishable from each of the compounds in theircrystal lattice, because co-crystals have physico-chemical propertiesthat are different from those of the compounds in their crystal lattice.For example, the melting point, solubility, bioavailability,hygroscopicity, stability, and/or permeability of the co-crystal may bedifferent from the melting point, solubility, bioavailability,hygroscopicity, stability, permeability of the components of theco-crystal.

The amyloid precursor protein (APP) is a broadly expressed transmembraneprotein. APP is expressed, for example, in neurons, astrocytes andmicroglia. APP expression and its metabolism changes under variousneuropathological conditions, especially in response to oxidativestress.

Cleavage of APP by gamma and beta sectretases acting sequentially,generates a series of fragments including, e.g., amyloid β (Aβ) peptidesand APP intracellular domain (AICD).

AICD is a transcriptional modulator that has been implicated in variousphysiological processes, including synaptic plasticity and cytoskeletalorganization. However, under conditions of severe oxidative stress, AICDinteracts with a transcriptional co-activator FOXO3a, to promote celldeath. Additionally, AICD and FOXO3a have been shown to jointly controlmitochondrial function by modulating PTEN induced putative kinase 1(PINK1) transcription and to control the expression of Leucine RichRepeat Kinase 2 (LRRK2). LRRK2 mutations adversely impair multiplephysiological processes, including synaptic activity and plasticity,maintenance of normal dendritic spine morphology. Several lines ofevidence indicate that overactive LRRK2 interferes with autophagicprocesses, including mitophagy. Based on these properties, inhibition ofAICD activity is therefore anticipated to have beneficial effects intreatment of a number of diseases.

Although, Aβ accumulation has received the most attention, AICD which isproduced concomitantly, is increasingly recognized as a likely majorcontributor to the pathogenenis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and numerousother neurodegenerative disorders, e.g., Parkinson's disease (PD),Multiple Sclerosis (MS), juvenile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (JNCL)(Batten disease type-3), age-related macular degeneration (AMD);Amylolateral sclerosis (ALS), mild cognitive impairment (MCI),neurologic injury (Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)) and neurologicinflammation.

OBJECTS AND SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

It is an object of the invention to provide a co-crystal comprising aningredient that binds APP in the intracellular domain.

It is an object of the invention to provide a co-crystal comprising aningredient that inhibits translocation of AICD to the nucleus.

It is an object of the invention to provide a co-crystal comprising andingredient that modulates transcriptional activity of AICD.

It is an object of the invention to provide a co-crystal comprising aningredient that is capable of microglial modulation.

It is an object of the invention to provide a co-crystal comprising aningredient that is capable of inhibiting inflammation.

It is an object of the invention to provide a co-crystal comprisingitanapraced (aka CSP-1103, formerly CHF5074) and a coformer, e.g.,nicotinamide.

It is a further object of the invention to provide a co-crystal ofitanapraced that is more water soluble than itanapraced.

It is an additional object of the invention to provide a co-crystalcomprising itanapraced and a coformer, wherein the co-crystal is lesshygroscopic than itanapraced.

It is another object of the present invention to provide a method forpreventing, inhibiting, reducing, eliminating, protecting or delayingthe onset of acute and chronic neurodegeneration disorders, mildcognitive impairment, dementias, neurologic injury, and neurologicinflammation.

It is another object of the present invention to overcome or ameliorateat least one of the disadvantages of the prior art, or to provide auseful alternative.

In accordance with the above objects and others, the invention isdirected to a pharmaceutical formulation comprising a co-crystal, theco-crystal comprising a crystal lattice comprising molecules of anactive ingredient and a coformer, the active ingredient interactingnonionically with the coformer in the crystal lattice, wherein theactive ingredient includes a carboxylic acid moiety and the coformer isa nonvolatile heterocyclic organic compound, the active ingredient andcoformer being associated only by non-ionic and noncovalent bonds, andwherein the coformer is not a solvent. A stoichiometric ratio of theactive ingredient to the coformer may be from about 0:5:1.5 to about1.5:0.5. The coformer may be included in an amount sufficient to providean improvement in a physical property of the active ingredient, ascompared to a physical property of the active ingredient without thecoformer. The improved physical property may, e.g., be hygroscopicity.In certain embodiment, the active ingredient is a praced (e.g.,itanapraced), and the coformer is a heterocyclic organic compound havinga pyridinyl moiety. Heterocyclic organic compounds having a pyridinylmoiety include, e.g., nicotinamide, picolinamide, isonicotinamide,isonicotinic acid, and nicotinic acid.

The invention is further directed to a pharmaceutical formulationcomprising a therapeutically effective amount of an active ingredient(in certain embodiments preferably an AICD inhibitor), the activeingredient being in a form of a co-crystal, the co-crystal comprisingmolecules of the active ingredient and a coformer in a crystal lattice,the active ingredient interacting nonionically with the coformer in thecrystal lattice, wherein the active ingredient and the coformer areassociated only by non-ionic and noncovalent bonds, and the coformer isnonvolatile and is not a solvent. The coformer may be included in anamount sufficient to provide an improvement in a physical property(e.g., hydroscopicity, solubility, etc.) and/or bioavailability and/oran rate of dissolution and/or shorter time to Cmax of the activeingredient, as compared to a physical property, bioavailability, rate ofdissolution, and time to Cmax of the active ingredient without thecoformer (i.e., without interacting nonionically and being associatedwith the coformer only by non-ionic and noncovalent bonds). Once thecoformer dissociates from the active pharmaceutical ingredient, theactive ingredient becomes available to provide a pharmacologiceffect(s).

The invention is also directed to a pharmaceutical formulationcomprising a therapeutically effective amount of an AICD inhibitor, theAICD inhibitor being in a form of a co-crystal, the co-crystalcomprising a crystal lattice comprising molecules of the AICD inhibitorand a coformer, the AICD inhibitor interacting nonionically with thecoformer in the crystal lattice, wherein the AICD inhibitor and thecoformer are associated only by non-ionic and noncovalent bonds, and thecoformer is nonvolatile and is not a solvent. The coformer may beincluded in an amount sufficient to provide an improvement in a physicalproperty of the AICD inhibitor, as compared to a physical property ofthe AICD inhibitor without the coformer. Thus, in some embodiments, thecoformer may be included in an amount sufficient to provide animprovement in hygroscopicity of the AICD inhibitor, as compared tohygroscopicity of the AICD inhibitor without the coformer.

The invention is also directed to a pharmaceutical formulationcomprising a therapeutically effective amount of an AICD inhibitor, theAICD inhibitor being in a form of a co-crystal, the co-crystalcomprising molecules of the AICD inhibitor and a coformer in a crystallattice, the AICD inhibitor interacting nonionically with the coformerin the crystal lattice, wherein the AICD inhibitor and the coformer areassociated only by non-ionic and noncovalent bonds, and wherein thecoformer is nonvolatile, is not a solvent, and is included in an amountsufficient to provide an improvement in bioavailability and/or an rateof dissolution and/or shorter time to Cmax of the AICD inhibitor, ascompared to bioavailability, rate of dissolution, and time to Cmax ofthe AICD inhibitor without the coformer. In certain embodiments, whenthe pharmaceutical formulation is administered to a human, the coformeris dissociatable from the AICD inhibitor. Once the coformer dissociatesfrom the AICD inhibitor, the AICD inhibitor becomes available to providea pharmacologic effect(s), including, e.g., bind the intracellulardomain of APP, inhibit the transcriptional activity of APP intracellulardomain (AICD). The AICD inhibitor may modulate transcriptional activityof AICD. Thus, in some of the embodiments, the AICD inhibitor may inducetranscriptional activity of AICD. In other embodiments, the AICDinhibitor may inhibit transcriptional activity of AICD.

The invention is also directed to a pharmaceutical formulationcomprising a therapeutically effective amount of an AICD inhibitor, theAICD inhibitor being in a form of a co-crystal, the co-crystalcomprising molecules of the AICD inhibitor and a coformer in a crystallattice, the AICD inhibitor interacting nonionically with the coformerin the crystal lattice, wherein the AICD inhibitor and the coformer areassociated only by non-ionic and noncovalent bonds, and wherein thecoformer is a nonvolatile organic compound, is not a solvent and isincluded in an amount sufficient to provide an improvement in a physicalproperty (e.g., hydroscopicity, solubility, etc.) and/or bioavailabilityand/or an rate of dissolution and/or shorter time to Cmax of the AICDinhibitor, as compared to a physical property, bioavailability, rate ofdissolution, and time to Cmax of the AICD inhibitor without the coformer(i.e., without interacting nonionically and being associated bynon-ionic and noncovalent bonds with the coformer), such that when thepharmaceutical formulation is administered to a human, the coformerdissociates from the AICD inhibitor. In some of the embodiments, theAICD inhibitor is a praced, and the coformer is selected from a groupconsisting of nicotinamide, picolinamide, isonicotinamide, isonicotinicacid, and nicotinic acid. In some of these embodiments, the co-crystalcomprises itanapraced and a coformer, wherein the coformer isnicotinamide and the co-crystal comprises an X-ray Powder DiffractionPattern (XRPD) with specific peaks, expressed in 2θ produced from a Curadiation source (λ=1.54 Å after Ni filtering), at about 14.63°; 14.90°;15.56°; 16.71°; 18.24°; 18.46°; 20.03°; 20.27°; 22.01°; 22.27°; 24.17°;24.47°; 26.14°; 26.47°; 27.83°; 28.85°; 29.97°; 30.64°; 32.42°; 34.07°;and 39.14°, all +/−0.2 degrees 2θ. For example, the XPRD may besubstantially the same as the X-ray Powder Diffraction Pattern (XRPD)shown in FIG. 3A. In some of these embodiments, a stoichiometric ratioof itanapraced to nicotinamide is from about 0:8:1.2 to about 1.2:0.8(e.g., about 1:1). In some of these embodiments, a stoichiometric ratioof itanapraced to nicotinamide is about 1:1. In all of theseembodiments, the pharmaceutical formulation may be less hygroscopic thanitanapraced.

The invention is also directed to a pharmaceutical formulationcomprising a therapeutically effective amount of an AICD inhibitor, theAICD inhibitor being in a form of a co-crystal, the co-crystalcomprising molecules of the AICD inhibitor and a coformer in a crystallattice, the AICD inhibitor interacting nonionically with the coformerin the crystal lattice, wherein the AICD inhibitor and the coformer areassociated only by non-ionic and noncovalent bonds, the coformer is anonvolatile organic compound, is not a solvent, and is associated withthe AICD inhibitor only via the non-ionic and noncovalent bonds, andwherein the coformer is included in an amount sufficient to provide animprovement in a physical property and/or bioavailability and/or an rateof dissolution and/or shorter time to Cmax of the AICD inhibitor, ascompared to a physical property, bioavailability, rate of dissolution,and time to Cmax of the AICD inhibitor without the coformer, wherein theAICD inhibitor is a praced, and the coformer is selected from a groupconsisting of nicotinamide, picolinamide, isonicotinamide, isonicotinicacid, and nicotinic acid.

The invention is also directed to a pharmaceutical formulationcomprising a therapeutically effective amount of an AICD inhibitor, theAICD inhibitor being in a form of a co-crystal, the co-crystalcomprising molecules of the AICD inhibitor and a coformer in a crystallattice, the AICD inhibitor interacting nonionically with the coformerin the crystal lattice, wherein the AICD inhibitor and the coformer areassociated only by non-ionic and noncovalent bonds, the coformer is aheterocyclic organic compound and is not a solvent, and wherein thecoformer is included in an amount sufficient to provide an improvementin a physical property and/or bioavailability and/or an rate ofdissolution and/or shorter time to Cmax of the AICD inhibitor, ascompared to a physical property, bioavailability, rate of dissolution,and time to Cmax of the AICD inhibitor without the coformer, wherein theAICD inhibitor is a praced, and the coformer is selected from a groupconsisting of nicotinamide, picolinamide, isonicotinamide, isonicotinicacid, and nicotinic acid; and the praced is itanapraced, the coformer isnicotinamide, and a stoichiometric ratio of itanapraced to nicotinamideis from about 0:8:1.2 to about 1.2:0.8, and the co-crystal comprises anX-ray Powder Diffraction Pattern (XRPD) that is substantially the sameas the X-ray Powder Diffraction Pattern (XRPD) shown in FIG. 3A.

The invention is also directed to a pharmaceutical formulationcomprising a therapeutically effective amount of a praced, the pracedbeing in a form of a co-crystal, the co-crystal comprising molecules ofthe praced and a coformer in a crystal lattice, the praced interactingnonionically with the coformer in a crystal lattice, wherein the pracedand the coformer are associated only by non-ionic and noncovalent bonds,the coformer is a nonvolatile heterocyclic organic compound having apyridinyl moiety and is associated with the praced only via thenon-ionic and noncovalent bonds, and wherein the coformer is included inan amount sufficient to provide an improved bioavailability and/or anenhanced rate of dissolution and/or shorter time to Cmax of the praced,as compared to a bioavailability, rate of dissolution, and time to Cmaxof the praced without the coformer, such that when the pharmaceuticalformulation is administered to a human, the coformer dissociates fromthe praced. Once the coformer dissociates from praced, the praced isavailable to provide a pharmacologic effect(s).

The invention is also directed to a pharmaceutical formulationcomprising a therapeutically effective amount of a praced, the pracedbeing in a form of a co-crystal, the co-crystal comprising molecules ofthe praced and a coformer in a crystal lattice, the praced interactingnonionically with the coformer in the crystal lattice, wherein thepraced and the coformer are associated only by non-ionic and noncovalentbonds, the coformer is a nonvolatile heterocyclic organic compoundhaving a pyridinyl moiety and is not a solvent, and wherein the coformeris included in an amount sufficient to render the co-crystal lesshygroscopic, as compared to a hygroscopicity of the praced without thecoformer, such that when the pharmaceutical formulation is administeredto a human, the coformer dissociates from the praced.

The hydroscopicity of the pharmaceutical formulations according to theinvention may be such that the pharmaceutical formulations gain or losefrom about 0.01% to 0.20% w/w, from about 0.08% to 0.20% w/w, or fromabout 0.1% to 0.20% w/w, all at 25° C. between 5-95% RH (relativehumidity), and hydroscopicity of the praced without the coformer may besuch that the praced gains or loses more than 0.20% but less than 2%w/w, more than about 0.5% but less than 2% w/w or more than about 0.8%by less than 2% w/w, all at 25° C. between 5-95% RH (relative humidity).The reduced hygroscopicity of the pharmaceutical formulations may allow,e.g., for an increased stability and/or increased shelf-life and/oreasier incorporation of the pharmaceutical formulations into apharmaceutical dosage form(s), as compared to the praced without thecoformer.

The invention is further directed to a pharmaceutical formulationcomprising a therapeutically effective amount of a praced, the pracedbeing in a form of a co-crystal, the co-crystal comprising molecules ofthe praced and a coformer in a crystal lattice, the praced interactingnonionically with the coformer in the crystal lattice, wherein thepraced and the coformer are associated only by non-ionic and noncovalentbonds, the coformer is a nonvolatile heterocyclic organic compoundhaving a pyridinyl moiety and is not a solvent, and wherein the coformeris included in an amount sufficient to render the co-crystal more watersoluble, as compared to a water solubility of the praced without thecoformer, such that when the pharmaceutical formulation is administeredto a human, the coformer dissociates from the praced. For example, theco-crystal may be water soluble, whereas the praced without the coformermay not be water soluble or may have a lower solubility in water. Theincreased water solubility of the pharmaceutical formulation may allow,e.g., for an improved bioavailability and/or a faster onset of actionand/or a shorter T_(max) and/or higher plasma concentrations (e.g.,C_(max)) and/or higher AUC, as compared to the administration of thepraced without the coformer.

The invention encompasses a pharmaceutical formulation comprising atherapeutically effective amount of an AICD inhibitor having acarboxylic acid moiety, the AICD inhibitor being in a form of aco-crystal, the co-crystal comprising a crystal lattice comprisingmolecules of the AICD inhibitor and a coformer, the AICD inhibitorinteracting nonionically with the coformer in the crystal lattice,wherein the AICD inhibitor and the coformer are associated only bynon-ionic and noncovalent bonds, and wherein the coformer is anonvolatile heterocyclic organic compound having a pyridinyl moiety andis not a solvent. The coformer may be included in an amount sufficientto provide an improvement in a physical property of the AICD inhibitor,as compared to a physical property of the AICD inhibitor without thecoformer. The improved physical property may, e.g., be hygroscopicity.

In certain embodiments, the invention is directed to a pharmaceuticalformulation comprising a co-crystal, the co-crystal comprising a crystallattice comprising molecules of an AICD inhibitor and a coformer, theAICD inhibitor interacting nonionically with the coformer in the crystallattice, wherein the AICD inhibitor includes a carboxylic acid moietyand the coformer is a nonvolatile heterocyclic organic compound and isnot a solvent, the AICD inhibitor and the coformer being associated onlyby non-ionic and noncovalent bonds.

The invention is further directed to a pharmaceutical formulationcomprising a therapeutically effective amount of an AICD inhibitor, theAICD inhibitor being in a form of a co-crystal, the co-crystalcomprising a crystal lattice comprising molecules of the AICD inhibitorand a coformer, the AICD inhibitor interacting nonionically with thecoformer in the crystal lattice, wherein the AICD inhibitor includes acarboxylic acid moiety and the coformer is a nonvolatile heterocyclicorganic compound having a pyridinyl moiety, the AICD inhibitor and thecoformer being associated only by non-ionic and noncovalent bonds, andthe coformer is not a solvent.

The AICD inhibitor in the pharmaceutical formulations of the inventionmay, e.g., be a praced. In some of the embodiments, the praced isitanapraced, and the coformer is selected from a group consisting ofnicotinamide, picolinamide, isonicotinamide, isonicotinic acid, andnicotinic acid.

The invention is also directed to a co-crystal comprising (i) aningredient that binds APP and/or inhibits the transcriptional activityof AICD and/or is capable of microglial modulation and (ii) a coformer.The coformer itself may or may not be biologically active. Theingredient and the coformer are not bound covalently and ionically inthe co-crystal. Instead, the ingredient and the coformer are associatedby nonionic and noncovalent bonds, e.g., hydrogen bonding, van der Wallsforces, and π-interactions. The co-crystal has physical and chemicalproperties that are different from those of the ingredient, thecoformer, their polymorphs, salts, hydrates and solvates. For example,as compared to ingredient and the coformer, their polymorphs, salts,hydrates and solvates, the co-crystal may have an improved aqueoussolubility and/or stability. The co-crystal may also have an improvedbioavailability and/or an enhanced rate of dissolution and/or shortertime to Cmax, as compared to a bioavailability, rate of dissolution, andtime to Cmax, of the ingredient. The co-crystal may, e.g., also be lesshygroscopic than the ingredient, and may be more suitable forincorporation into a solid dosage form. The co-crystal may, e.g., beused as an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) in a pharmaceuticalformulations, including, e.g., solid dosage forms (e.g., tablets andcapsules). The co-crystal and the pharmaceutical formulations may beused in the prevention and treatment of neurodegenerative disorders,including, e.g., Parkinson's disease (PD), Alzeimer's disease (AD),Multiple Sclerosis (MS), juvenile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (JNCL)(Batten disease type-3), age-related macular degeneration (AMD);dementias (e.g., MCI), neurological infection, neurologic injury(Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)) and neurologic inflammation.

The invention is more specifically directed in part to a co-crystalcomprising itanapraced and a coformer. Intanapraced and the coformer arenot bound covalently and ionically in the co-crystal. Instead,itanapraced and the coformer are associated by nonionic and noncovalentbonds. The coformer in the co-crystal may or may not be biologicallyactive, and may, e.g., be selected from a group consisting ofnicotinamide, picolinamide, isonicotinamide, isonicotinic acid, andnicotinic acid. The co-crystal has physical and chemical properties thatare different from those of itanapraced, the coformer, their polymorphs,salts, hydrates and solvates. For example, as compared to itanapracedand the coformer, their polymorphs, salts, hydrates and solvates; theco-crystal may have an improved aqueous solubility and/or stability, andmay be more suitable for incorporation into a solid dosage form. Theco-crystal may be less hygroscopic than itanapraced and/or more watersoluble than itanapraced. The co-crystal may also be non-hygroscopic.The co-crystal may also have an improved bioavailability and/or anenhanced rate of dissolution and/or shorter time to C_(max), as comparedto a bioavailability, rate of dissolution, and time to C_(max), ofitanapraced.

In certain embodiments, the invention is directed to a co-crystalcomprising a crystal lattice comprising molecules of itanapraced and acoformer, the AICD inhibitor interacting nonionically with the coformerin the crystal lattice, wherein the coformer is a nonvolatileheterocyclic organic compound having a pyridinyl moiety, the AICDinhibitor and the coformer being associated only by non-ionic andnoncovalent bonds.

The invention is further directed to a co-crystal comprising itanapracedand nicotinamide. The stoichiometric ratio of itanapraced tonicotinamide in the co-crystal may be from about 0:8:1.2 to about1.2:0.8 (e.g., about 1:1). Intanapraced and nicotinamide are not boundcovalently and ionically in the co-crystal. Rather, intanapraced andnicotinamide are associated by nonionic and noncovalent bonds. Incertain embodiments, itanapraced and nicotinamide may be associated at apyridinyl moiety of nicotinamide and a carboxylic acid moiety ofitanapraced. The co-crystal may comprise an X-ray Powder DiffractionPattern (XRPD) with specific peaks, expressed in 2θ produced from a Curadiation source (λ=1.54 Å after Ni filtering), at about 14.63°; 14.90°;15.56°; 16.71°; 18.24°; 18.46°; 20.03°; 20.27°; 22.01°; 22.27°; 24.17°;24.47°; 26.14°; 26.47°; 27.83°; 28.85°; 29.97°; 30.64°; 32.42°; 34.07°;and 39.14°, all +/−0.2 degrees 2θ. The X-ray Powder Diffraction Pattern(XRPD) may be substantially the same as the X-ray Powder DiffractionPattern (XRPD) shown in FIG. 3A. For example, the co-crystal may have anX-ray Powder Diffraction Pattern (XRPD) with specific peaks, expressedin 2θ produced from a Cu radiation source (λ=1.54 Å after Ni filtering)at about 14.63°; 14.90°; 15.56°; 16.71°; 18.24°; 18.46°; 20.03°; 20.27°;22.01°; 22.27°; 24.17°; 24.47°; 26.14°; 26.47°; 27.83°; 28.85°; 29.97°;30.64°; 32.42°; 34.07; and 39.14°. The co-crystal may provide a firstendothermic event with an onset at 114.0° C., a peak maximum of 116.7°C., and a ΔH of 60.5 J/g, as measured by differential scanningcalorimetry (DSC analysis). The co-crystal may further provide a secondendothermic event with a peak maximum at 159.1° C. and an endset at183.2° C., as measured by differential scanning calorimetry (DSCanalysis). The co-crystal has physical and chemical properties that aredifferent from those of itanapraced, nicotinamide, their polymorphs,salts, hydrates and solvates. As compared to itanapraced andnicotinamide their polymorphs, salts, hydrates and solvates; theco-crystal has an improved aqueous solubility and/or is less hygroscopicthan intanapraced. The co-crystal may have an improved stability, ascompared to intanapraced. The co-crystal may be non-hygroscopic.Consequently, the co-crystal more suitable for incorporation into asolid dosage form (e.g., a tablet or a capsule). The co-crystal may alsohave an improved bioavailability and/or an enhanced rate of dissolutionand/or shorter time to Cmax, as compared to a bioavailability, rate ofdissolution, and time to Cmax, of itanapraced.

The invention is directed in part to a co-crystal comprising itanapracedand nicotinamide, wherein said co-crystal comprises nicotinamide and a)has an X-ray Powder Diffraction Pattern (XRPD) with specific peaks,expressed in 2θ produced from a Cu radiation source (λ=1.54 Å after Nifiltering), at 14.63°; 14.90°; 15.56°; 16.71°; 18.24°; 18.46°; 20.03°;20.27°; 22.01°; 22.27°; 24.17°; 24.47°; 26.14°; 26.47°; 27.83°; 28.85°;29.97°; 30.64°; 32.42°; 34.07°; and 39.14°, all +/−0.2 degrees 2θ;and/or b) has an X-ray Powder Diffraction Pattern diffraction pattern asdepicted in FIG. 3A.

The invention is directed in part to a co-crystal comprising itanapracedand nicotinamide, wherein said co-crystal comprises nicotinamide and hasan X-ray Powder Diffraction Pattern (XRPD) with specific peaks,expressed in 2θ produced from a Cu radiation source (λ=1.54 Å after Nifiltering), at 14.63°; 14.90°; 15.56°; 16.71°; 18.24°; 18.46°; 20.03°;20.27°; 22.01°; 22.27°; 24.17°; 24.47°; 26.14°; 26.47°; 27.83°; 28.85°;29.97°; 30.64°; 32.42°; 34.07°; and 39.14°, all +/−0.2 degrees 2θ;wherein the co-crystal is less hygroscopic than itanapraced.

The invention is directed in part to a co-crystal comprising itanapracedand nicotinamide, wherein said co-crystal comprises nicotinamide and hasan X-ray Powder Diffraction Pattern diffraction pattern as depicted inFIG. 3A; wherein the co-crystal is less hygroscopic than itanapraced.

The invention is directed in part to a co-crystal comprising itanapracedand nicotinamide, wherein said co-crystal comprises nicotinamide and hasan X-ray Powder Diffraction Pattern (XRPD) with specific peaks,expressed in 2θ produced from a Cu radiation source (λ=1.54 Å after Nifiltering), at 14.63°; 14.90°; 15.56°; 16.71°; 18.24°; 18.46°; 20.03°;20.27°; 22.01°; 22.27°; 24.17°; 24.47°; 26.14°; 26.47°; 27.83°; 28.85°;29.97°; 30.64°; 32.42°; 34.07°; and 39.14°, all +/−0.2 degrees 2θ;wherein the itanapraced and the nicotinamide are associated at apyridinyl moiety of the nicotinamide and a carboxylic acid moiety of theitanapraced.

The invention is directed in part to a co-crystal comprising itanapracedand nicotinamide, wherein said co-crystal comprises nicotinamide and hasan X-ray Powder Diffraction Pattern diffraction pattern as depicted inFIG. 3A; wherein the itanapraced and the nicotinamide are associated ata pyridinyl moiety of the nicotinamide and a carboxylic acid moiety ofthe itanapraced.

The invention is directed in part to a co-crystal comprising itanapracedand nicotinamide, wherein said co-crystal comprises nicotinamide and hasan X-ray Powder Diffraction Pattern (XRPD) with specific peaks,expressed in 2θ produced from a Cu radiation source (λ=1.54 Å after Nifiltering), at 14.63°; 14.90°; 15.56°; 16.71°; 18.24°; 18.46°; 20.03°;20.27°; 22.01°; 22.27°; 24.17°; 24.47°; 26.14°; 26.47°; 27.83°; 28.85°;29.97°; 30.64°; 32.42°; 34.07°; and 39.14°, all +/−0.2 degrees 2θ,wherein the co-crystal provides a first endothermic event with an onsetat 114.0° C., a peak maximum of 116.7° C., and a ΔH of 60.5 J/g, asmeasured by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC analysis).

The invention is directed in part to a co-crystal comprising itanapracedand nicotinamide, wherein said co-crystal comprises nicotinamide and hasan X-ray Powder Diffraction Pattern (XRPD) with specific peaks,expressed in 2θ produced from a Cu radiation source (λ=1.54 Å after Nifiltering), at 14.63°; 14.90°; 15.56°; 16.71°; 18.24°; 18.46°; 20.03°;20.27°; 22.01°; 22.27°; 24.17°; 24.47°; 26.14°; 26.47°; 27.83°; 28.85°;29.97°; 30.64°; 32.42°; 34.07°; and 39.14°, all +/−0.2 degrees 2θ,wherein the co-crystal provides a first endothermic event with an onsetat 114.0° C., a peak maximum of 116.7° C., and a ΔH of 60.5 J/g, asmeasured by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC analysis), and asecond endothermic event with a peak maximum at 159.1° C. and an endsetat 183.2° C., as measured by differential scanning calorimetry (DSCanalysis).

The invention further provides a process for preparing a co-crystalcomprising an ingredient that binds APP and/or inhibits thetranscriptional activity of AICD and/or is capable of microglialmodulation, the process comprising dissolving the ingredient and acoformer in a solvent and isolating a co-crystal comprising theingredient and the coformer.

In a still further aspect, the invention provides a process for theproduction of a co-crystal comprising an ingredient that binds APPand/or inhibits the transcriptional activity of AICD and/or is capableof microglial modulation, the process comprising: (i) grinding, heatingor contacting in solution the ingredient with a coformer, undercrystallization conditions, so as to form a solid phase; and (ii)isolating co-crystals comprising the ingredient and the coformer.

In a further aspect, the invention provides a process for the productionof a co-crystal, which process comprises: (i) providing an ingredientthat binds APP and/or inhibits the transcriptional activity of AICDand/or is capable of microglial modulation; (ii) providing a coformer;(iii) grinding, heating or contacting in solution the ingredient withthe coformer under crystallization conditions, and (iv) isolatingco-crystals formed thereby.

The invention also provides a process for preparing a co-crystal, theprocess comprising dissolving itanapraced and a coformer in a solventand isolating a co-crystal comprising itanapraced and the coformer.

In a still further aspect the present invention provides a process forthe production of a co-crystal, which comprises: (i) grinding, heatingor contacting in solution itanapraced with a coformer, undercrystallization conditions, so as to form a solid phase; and (ii)isolating co-crystals comprising the itanapraced and the coformer.

In a further aspect, the present invention provides a process for theproduction of a co-crystal, which process comprises: (i) providingitanapraced; (ii) providing nicotinamide; (iii) grinding, heating orcontacting in solution the itanapraced with nicotinamide undercrystallization conditions, and (iv) isolating co-crystals formedthereby.

The invention also provides a process for preparing a co-crystal, theprocess comprising dissolving itanapraced and nicotinamide in a solventand isolating a co-crystal comprising itanapraced and nicotinamide.

In a still further aspect the present invention provides a process forthe production of a co-crystal, which comprises: (i) grinding, heatingor contacting in solution itanapraced with nicotinamide, undercrystallization conditions, so as to form a solid phase; and (ii)isolating co-crystals comprising the itanapraced and the nicotinamide.

In a further aspect, the present invention provides a process for theproduction of a co-crystal, which process comprises: (i) providingitanapraced; (ii) providing nicotinamide; (iii) grinding, heating orcontacting in solution the itanapraced with nicotinamide undercrystallization conditions, and (iv) isolating co-crystals formedthereby.

Any of the co-crystals described in the present specification may, e.g.,be used as an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) in a pharmaceuticalformulations, including, e.g., solid dosage forms (e.g., tablets andcapsules).

The invention is further directed in part to a pharmaceuticalformulation comprising an effective amount of a co-crystal as describedin any of the paragraphs above and a pharmaceutically acceptableexcipient. The co-crystal may, e.g., comprise from about 2% to about 98%of the formulation by weight. The pharmaceutically acceptable excipientmay comprise from about 0.1% to about 99.9% of the formulation byweight. A unit dose of the pharmaceutical formulation may comprise fromabout 3 mg to about 3500 mg of the co-crystal, the co-crystal comprisingitanapraced and nicotinamide, a stoichiometric ratio of intanapraced tonicotinamide in the co-crystal being from 0:8:1.2 to about 1.2:0.8(e.g., about 1:1). The pharmaceutical formulation may, e.g., be a soliddosage form. The solid dosage forms may, e.g., be an oral solid dosageforms such as, e.g., tablets or a capsules. These oral solid dosageforms may be formulated as immediate release, controlled release,sustained (extended) release or modified release formulations.

The invention is further directed to a pharmaceutical itanapracedformulation with a greater solubility and/or dissolution and/orbioavailability and/or AUC and/or reduced time to T_(max), and/or thetime to reach peak blood serum levels and/or higher C_(max) and/or themaximum blood serum concentration, when compared to the neutral form orsalt of itanapraced alone. The pharmaceutical formulation comprises aco-crystal of itanapraced, rather than the neutral form, polymorph,solvate, hydrate, or salt of itanapraced.

In a further aspect, the invention provides a process for modulating thebioavailability of itanapraced when administered in its normal andeffective dose range, whereby the AUC is increased and/or the time toTmax is reduced and/or Cmax is increased, which process comprises:

-   -   (1) grinding, heating or contacting in solution ipanapraced with        a coformer under crystallization conditions, so as to form a        co-crystal of the itanapraced and the coformer;    -   (2) isolating co-crystals comprising itanapraced and the        coformer.        Examples of the above embodiment include: co-crystal        compositions with a time to T_(max) that is reduced by at least        10% as compared to the free crystalline form, co-crystal        compositions with a time to T_(max) that is reduced by at least        20% over the free crystalline form, co-crystal compositions with        a time to T_(max) that is reduced by at least 40% over the free        crystalline form, co-crystal compositions with a time to T_(max)        that is reduced by at least 50% over the free crystalline form,        co-crystal compositions with a T_(max) that is reduced by at        least 60% over the free crystalline form, co-crystal        compositions with a Tmax that is reduced by at least 70% over        the free crystalline form, co-crystal compositions with a        T_(max) that is reduced by at least 80% over the free        crystalline form, co-crystal compositions with a C_(max) that is        increased by at least 20% over the free crystalline form,        co-crystal compositions with a C_(max) that is increased by at        least 30% over the free crystalline form, co-crystal        compositions with a C_(max) that is increased by at least 40%        over the free crystalline form, co-crystal compositions with a        C_(max) that is increased by at least 50% over the free        crystalline form, co-crystal compositions with a C_(max) that is        increased by at least 60% over the free crystalline form,        co-crystal compositions with a C_(max) that is increased by at        least 70% over the free crystalline form, co-crystal        compositions with a Cmax that is increased by at least 80% over        the free crystalline form, co-crystal compositions with an AUC        that is increased by at least 10% over the free crystalline        form, co-crystal compositions with an AUC that is increased by        at least 20% over the free crystalline form, co-crystal        compositions with an AUC that is increased by at least 30% over        the free crystalline form, co-crystal compositions with an AUC        that is increased by at least 40% over the free crystalline        form, co-crystal compositions with an AUC that is increased by        at least 50% over the free crystalline form, co-crystal        compositions with an AUC that is increased by at least 60% over        the free crystalline form, co-crystal compositions with an AUC        that is increased by at least 70% over the free crystalline        form, or co-crystal compositions with an AUC that is increased        by at least 80% over the free crystalline form.

In a further aspect the present invention provides a process forimproving the dose response of itanapraced, which process comprises:

(i) contacting in solution itanapraced with a coformer undercrystallization conditions, so as to form a co-crystal of itanapracedand the co-crystal;

(ii) isolating co-crystals comprising itanapraced and the coformer.

In a still further aspect the present invention provides a process forimproving the stability of a itanapraced in its free form or a saltthereof, which process comprises:

(i) Grinding, heating or contacting in solution itanapraced with acoformer under crystallization conditions, so as to form a co-crystal ofitanapraced and the coformer;

(ii) isolating co-crystals comprising itanapraced and the coformer.

In any of the processes described in the specification, the coformer maybe selected from a group consisting of nicotinamide, picolinamide,isonicotinamide, isonicotinic acid, and nicotinic acid. Other coformersare also encompassed by the invention.

In any of the processes, the coformer may be nicotinamide.

The co-crystal and the pharmaceutical formulations as described in thespecification may be used in the prevention and treatment ofneurodegenerative disorders, including, e.g., Parkinson's disease (PD),Alzeimer's disease (AD), Multiple Sclerosis (MS), juvenile neuronalceroid lipofuscinosis (JNCL) (Batten disease type-3), age-relatedmacular degeneration (AMD); dementias (e.g., MCI), neurologicalinfection, neurologic injury (Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)) andneurologic inflammation. The co-crystal and pharmaceutical formulationsmay also be used in treatment of tauopathies, especially AmyotrophicLateral Sclerosis (ALS), Pick's disease, Frontal Temporal Dementia (FTD)and Progressive Supranuclear Palsy (PSP) as well as brain hypoxia.

The invention is further directed to a method of preventing, inhibitingand/or treating a neurodegenerative condition in a human, comprisingadministering a therapeutically effective dosage regimen of a co-crystalcomprising an ingredient that binds APP.

The invention is further directed to a method of preventing, inhibitingand/or treating a neurodegenerative condition in a human, comprisingadministering a therapeutically effective dosage regimen of a co-crystalcomprising an ingredient that inhibits the transcriptional activity ofAICD.

The invention is further directed to a method of preventing, inhibitingand/or treating a neurodegenerative condition in a human, comprisingadministering a therapeutically effective dosage regimen of a co-crystalcomprising an ingredient capable of microglial modulation.

The invention is further directed to a method of preventing, inhibitingand/or treating a neurodegenerative condition in a human, comprisingadministering a therapeutically effective dosage regimen of a co-crystalcomprising itanapraced. In certain embodiments, the co-crystal comprisesitanapraced and a coformer, wherein the coformer is nicotinamide, astoichiometric ratio of itanapraced to nicotinamide is from about0:8:1.2 to about 1.2:0.8, and the co-crystal comprises an X-ray PowderDiffraction Pattern (XRPD) with specific peaks, expressed in 2θ producedfrom a Cu radiation source (λ=1.54 Å after Ni filtering), at about14.63°; 14.90°; 15.56°; 16.71°; 18.24°; 18.46°; 20.03°; 20.27°; 22.01°;22.27°; 24.17°; 24.47°; 26.14°; 26.47°; 27.83°; 28.85°; 29.97°; 30.64°;32.42°; 34.07°; and 39.14°, all +/−0.2 degrees 2θ.

The invention is further directed to a method of preventing, inhibitingand/or treating inflammation in a human, comprising administering atherapeutically effective dosage regimen of a co-crystal comprising aningredient that inhibits the transcriptional activity of AICD.

The invention is further directed to a method of preventing, inhibitingand/or treating inflammation in a human, comprising administering atherapeutically effective dosage regimen of a co-crystal comprising aningredient capable of microglial modulation.

The invention is further directed to a method of preventing, inhibitingand/or treating inflammation in a human, comprising administering atherapeutically effective dosage regimen of a co-crystal comprising aningredient that binds APP.

The invention is further directed to a method of preventing, inhibitingand/or treating inflammation in a human, comprising administering atherapeutically effective dosage regimen of a co-crystal comprisingitanapraced. In certain embodiments, the co-crystal comprisesitanapraced and a coformer, wherein the coformer is nicotinamide, astoichiometric ratio of itanapraced to nicotinamide is from about0:8:1.2 to about 1.2:0.8, and the co-crystal comprises an X-ray PowderDiffraction Pattern (XRPD) with specific peaks, expressed in 2θ producedfrom a Cu radiation source (λ=1.54 Å after Ni filtering), at about14.63°; 14.90°; 15.56°; 16.71°; 18.24°; 18.46°; 20.03°; 20.27°; 22.01°;22.27°; 24.17°; 24.47°; 26.14°; 26.47°; 27.83°; 28.85°; 29.97°; 30.64°;32.42°; 34.07°; and 39.14°, all +/−0.2 degrees 2θ.

The invention is further directed to a method of preventing, inhibitingand/or treating dementia in a human, comprising administering atherapeutically effective dosage regimen of a co-crystal comprising aningredient that inhibits the transcriptional activity of AICD.

The invention is further directed to a method of preventing, inhibitingand/or treating dementia in a human, comprising administering atherapeutically effective dosage regimen of a co-crystal comprising aningredient capable of microglial modulation.

The invention is further directed to a method of preventing, inhibitingand/or treating dementia in a human, comprising administering atherapeutically effective dosage regimen of a co-crystal comprising aningredient that binds APP.

The invention is further directed to a method of preventing, inhibitingand/or treating dementia in a human, comprising administering atherapeutically effective dosage regimen of a co-crystal comprisingitanapraced. In certain embodiments, the co-crystal comprisesitanapraced and a coformer, wherein the coformer is nicotinamide, astoichiometric ratio of itanapraced to nicotinamide is from about0:8:1.2 to about 1.2:0.8, and the co-crystal comprises an X-ray PowderDiffraction Pattern (XRPD) with specific peaks, expressed in 2θ producedfrom a Cu radiation source (λ=1.54 Å after Ni filtering), at about14.63°; 14.90°; 15.56°; 16.71°; 18.24°; 18.46°; 20.03°; 20.27°; 22.01°;22.27°; 24.17°; 24.47°; 26.14°; 26.47°; 27.83°; 28.85°; 29.97°; 30.64°;32.42°; 34.07°; and 39.14°, all +/−0.2 degrees 2θ.

The invention is further directed to a method of preventing, inhibitingand/or treating a neurologic injury (e.g., TBI) in a human, comprisingadministering a therapeutically effective dosage regimen of a co-crystalcomprising an ingredient that inhibits the transcriptional activity ofAICD.

The invention is further directed to a method of preventing, inhibitingand/or treating a neurologic injury in a human, comprising administeringa therapeutically effective dosage regimen of a co-crystal comprising aningredient capable of microglial modulation.

The invention is further directed to a method of preventing, inhibitingand/or treating neurologic injury in a human, comprising administering atherapeutically effective dosage regimen of a co-crystal comprising aningredient that binds APP.

The invention is further directed to a method of preventing, inhibitingand/or treating neurologic injury in a human, comprising administering atherapeutically effective dosage regimen of a co-crystal comprisingitanapraced. In certain embodiments, the co-crystal comprisesitanapraced and a coformer, wherein the coformer is nicotinamide, astoichiometric ratio of itanapraced to nicotinamide is from about0:8:1.2 to about 1.2:0.8, and the co-crystal comprises an X-ray PowderDiffraction Pattern (XRPD) with specific peaks, expressed in 2θ producedfrom a Cu radiation source (λ=1.54 Å after Ni filtering), at about14.63°; 14.90°; 15.56°; 16.71°; 18.24°; 18.46°; 20.03°; 20.27°; 22.01°;22.27°; 24.17°; 24.47°; 26.14°; 26.47°; 27.83°; 28.85°; 29.97°; 30.64°;32.42°; 34.07°; and 39.14°, all +/−0.2 degrees 2θ.

The invention is specifically directed to a method of treating aneurodegenerative condition in a human, comprising administering atherapeutically effective dosage regimen of a co-crystal comprisingitanapraced and a coformer, wherein the coformer is nicotinamide, astoichiometric ratio of itanapraced to nicotinamide is from about0:8:1.2 to about 1.2:0.8, and the co-crystal comprises an X-ray PowderDiffraction Pattern (XRPD) with specific peaks, expressed in 2θ producedfrom a Cu radiation source (λ=1.54 Å after Ni filtering), at about14.63°; 14.90°; 15.56°; 16.71°; 18.24°; 18.46°; 20.03°; 20.27°; 22.01°;22.27°; 24.17°; 24.47°; 26.14°; 26.47°; 27.83°; 28.85°; 29.97°; 30.64°;32.42°; 34.07°; and 39.14°, all +/−0.2 degrees 2θ. The neurodegenerativecondition may be selected from a group consisting of Parkinson'sdisease, Alzeimer's disease, Multiple Sclerosis, juvenile neuronalceroid lipofuscinosis, age-related macular degeneration, dementias,neurological infection, neurologic injury, a tauopathy, Pick's disease,and Progressive Supranuclear Palsy, brain hypoxia, and neurologicinflammation.

Thus, in certain embodiments, the invention is directed to a method oftreating Parkinson's disease, the method comprising administering atherapeutically effective dosage regimen of a co-crystal comprisingitanapraced and a coformer, wherein the coformer is nicotinamide, astoichiometric ratio of itanapraced to nicotinamide is from about0:8:1.2 to about 1.2:0.8, and the co-crystal comprises an X-ray PowderDiffraction Pattern (XRPD) with specific peaks, expressed in 2θ producedfrom a Cu radiation source (λ=1.54 Å after Ni filtering), at about14.63°; 14.90°; 15.56°; 16.71°; 18.24°; 18.46°; 20.03°; 20.27°; 22.01°;22.27°; 24.17°; 24.47°; 26.14°; 26.47°; 27.83°; 28.85°; 29.97°; 30.64°;32.42°; 34.07°; and 39.14°, all +/−0.2 degrees 2θ.

The invention is further directed to a method of preventing, inhibitingand/or treating acute respiratory stress syndrome (ARDS) induced by therelease of cytokines and other toxic molecules from the brain of a humaninfected by COVID-19 into the blood stream, comprising administering atherapeutically effective dosage regimen of a co-crystal comprising aningredient that inhibits the transcriptional activity of AICD.

The invention is further directed to a method of preventing, inhibitingand/or treating acute respiratory stress syndrome (ARDS) induced by therelease of cytokines and other toxic molecules from the brain of a humaninfected by COVID-19 into the blood stream, comprising administering atherapeutically effective dosage regimen of a co-crystal comprising aningredient that binds APP.

The invention is further directed to a method of preventing, inhibitingand/or treating acute respiratory stress syndrome (ARDS) induced by therelease of cytokines and other toxic molecules from the brain of a humaninfected by COVID-19 into the blood stream, comprising administering atherapeutically effective dosage regimen of a co-crystal comprising aningredient capable of microglial modulation.

The invention is further directed to a method of preventing, inhibitingand/or treating acute respiratory stress syndrome (ARDS) induced by therelease of cytokines and other toxic molecules from the brain of a humaninfected by COVID-19 into the blood stream, comprising administering atherapeutically effective dosage regimen of a co-crystal comprisingitanapraced. In certain embodiments, the co-crystal comprisesitanapraced and a coformer, wherein the coformer is nicotinamide, astoichiometric ratio of itanapraced to nicotinamide is from about0:8:1.2 to about 1.2:0.8, and the co-crystal comprises an X-ray PowderDiffraction Pattern (XRPD) with specific peaks, expressed in 2θ producedfrom a Cu radiation source (λ=1.54 Å after Ni filtering), at about14.63°; 14.90°; 15.56°; 16.71°; 18.24°; 18.46°; 20.03°; 20.27°; 22.01°;22.27°; 24.17°; 24.47°; 26.14°; 26.47°; 27.83°; 28.85°; 29.97°; 30.64°;32.42°; 34.07°; and 39.14°, all +/−0.2 degrees 2θ.

The invention is further directed to a method of prophylactic treatmentto prevent a human who been exposed to COVID-19 or to reduce the risk ofthe human from becoming neurologically infected with and/or reduce theseverity of illness from COVID-19, comprising administering atherapeutically effective dosage regimen of a co-crystal according tothe invention. The method may further comprise co-administering anotherdrug which prevents, inhibits, or treats a neurological infection of ahuman patent by a coronavirus such as COVID-19 by the same or differentmechanism of action.

The invention is also directed to a method of preventing, inhibitingand/or treating neuroinfection caused by a virus in a human, comprisingadministering a therapeutically effective dosage regimen of a co-crystalthat comprises a drug that binds amyloid precursor protein (APP) inhumans and inhibits the transcriptional activity of its intracellulardomain (AICD) or modulates microglial function by inhibiting theproduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines and promoting phagocytosis toincrease clearance of the pathogen, thereby preventing, inhibitingand/or treating Acute Respiratory Stress Syndrome (ARDS) in the human.

The invention is further directed to the use of a pharmaceuticalcomposition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of aco-crystal of the invention to prevent, inhibit and/or treatneurological infection of a human by COVID-19.

The invention is also directed to a pharmaceutical compositioncomprising a therapeutically effective amount of a co-crystal of theinvention to inhibit the neurological infection of a human withCOVID-19.

The pharmaceutical composition or formulation used in be methods of theinvention may be an oral solid dosage form such as, e.g., a tablet orcapsule. The pharmaceutical compositions may, for example, beadministered prophylactically to humans in order to prevent or inhibitneurological infection with a coronavirus such as COVID-19.

The invention is also directed to a method of preventing, inhibitingand/or treating neurological disorder of a human, comprisingadministering a therapeutically effective dosage regimen of a co-crystalcomprising a drug that binds amyloid precursor protein (APP) in humansand/or inhibit the transcriptional activity of its intracellular domain(AICD).

In other embodiments, the invention is directed to a method ofpreventing, inhibiting and/or treating neurological infection of a humanby COVID-19, comprising administering a therapeutically effective dosageregimen of a co-crystal comprising a drug that modulates microglialfunction by inhibiting the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines andpromoting phagocytosis to increase clearance of the pathogen.

The invention is also directed to a method of preventing, inhibitingand/or treating neuroinfection caused by a virus in a human, comprisingadministering a therapeutically effective dosage regimen of a co-crystalcomprising a drug that binds amyloid precursor protein (APP) in humansand inhibits the transcriptional activity of its intracellular domain(AICD) or modulates microglial function by inhibiting the production ofpro-inflammatory cytokines and promoting phagocytosis to increaseclearance of the virus (pathogen), and thereby preventing, inhibitingand/or treating neuroinfection Acute Respiratory Stress Syndrome (ARDS)in the human.

The invention is further directed to a method of preventing, inhibitingand/or treating Acute Respiratory Stress Syndrome (ARDS) from whichCOVID-19 patients often die, comprising administering a therapeuticallyeffective dosage regimen of a co-crystal comprising a drug that bindsamyloid precursor protein (APP) in humans and inhibits thetranscriptional activity of its intracellular domain (AICD) or thatmodulates microglial function by inhibiting the production ofpro-inflammatory cytokines and promoting phagocytosis to increaseclearance of the pathogen.

The invention is directed in part to a pharmaceutical compositioncomprising a therapeutically effective amount of a co-crystal comprisinga praced to inhibit the neurological infection of a human with acoronavirus. In certain embodiments, the coronavirus is COVID-19.

In certain preferred embodiments of the invention, the formulations ofthe present invention are administered prophylactically to humans inorder to prevent or inhibit neurological infection with a coronavirussuch as COVID-19.

The invention is further directed in part to a method of prophylactictreatment to prevent a human who has been exposed to COVID-19 or toreduce the risk of the human from becoming infected with and/or reducethe severity of illness from COVID-19, comprising administering atherapeutically effective amount of a co-crystal comprising itanapraced.In certain embodiments, the method further comprises co-administeringanother drug which prevents, inhibits, or treats an infection of a humanpatent by a coronavirus such as COVID-19 by the same or differentmechanism of action.

Definitions

As used herein, each of the following terms has the meaning associatedwith it in this section.

The articles “a” and “an” are used herein to refer to one or to morethan one (i.e. to at least one) of the grammatical object of thearticle. By way of example, “an element” means one element or more thanone element.

The term “about” in the present specification means a value within 20%(±20%) of the value recited immediately after the term “about,”including the value equal to the upper limit (i.e., +20%) and the valueequal to the lower limit (i.e., −20%) of this range. For example, thephrase “about 100” encompasses any numeric value that is between 80 and120, including 80 and 120.

The term “co-crystal” means a crystalline material composed of moleculesof two or more different compounds in a crystal lattice, one or more ofwhich is the API(s), in a defined stoichiometric ratio within the samecrystal lattice that are associated by nonionic and noncovalent bonds.

The term “coformer” means a component that interacts nonionically withthe API in the crystal lattice, that is preferably not a solvent, istypically nonvolatile, and includes heterocyclic organic compounds.

“Effective amount” or “therapeutically effective amount” are usedinterchangeably herein, and refer to an amount of a compound,formulation, material, or composition, as described herein effective toachieve a particular biological result. Such results may include, butare not limited to, the treatment of a disease or condition asdetermined by any means suitable in the art.

The term “polymorphs” means different crystalline forms of the same APIand amorphous forms of the same API.

As used herein, the term “pharmaceutical composition” refers to amixture of at least one compound of the invention with other chemicalcomponents, such as carriers, stabilizers, diluents, dispersing agents,suspending agents, thickening agents, and/or excipients. Thepharmaceutical composition facilitates administration of the compound toan organism. Multiple techniques of administering a compound exist inthe art including, but not limited to oral, and parenteral (e.g.,intravenous) administration.

“Pharmaceutically acceptable” refers to those properties and/orsubstances that are acceptable to the patient from apharmacological/toxicological point of view and to the manufacturingpharmaceutical chemist from a physical/chemical point of view regardingcomposition, formulation; stability, patient acceptance andbioavailability.

The term “treat” or “treating”, as used herein, includes but is notlimited to, alleviation or amelioration of one or more symptoms orconditions; diminishment of extent of disease, disorder, or condition;stabilized (i.e., not worsening) state of disease, disorder, orcondition; preventing spread of disease, disorder, or condition (e.g.,delay or slowing the progress of the disease, disorder, or condition;amelioration or palliation of the disease, disorder, or condition; andremission (whether partial or total), whether detectable orundetectable.

“Palliating” a disease, disorder, or condition means that the extentand/or undesirable clinical manifestations of the disease, disorder, orcondition are lessened and/or time course of the progression is slowedor lengthened, as compared to the extent or time course in the absenceof treatment.

As used herein, “preventing” includes preventing the initiation of adisease and/or reducing the severity or intensity of the disease.

As used herein, “alleviate” is used interchangeably with the term“treat.” Treating a disease, disorder or condition may or may notinclude complete eradication or elimination of the symptom.

The term “salt” means a compound that results from replacement of partor all of the acid hydrogen of an acid by a metal or a radical actinglike a metal: an ionic or electrovalent crystalline compound.

The term “therapeutic” as used herein means a treatment and/orprophylaxis. Throughout this disclosure, various aspects of theinvention can be presented in a range format.

It should be understood that the description in range format is merelyfor convenience and brevity and should not be construed as an inflexiblelimitation on the scope of the invention. Accordingly, the descriptionof a range should be considered to have specifically disclosed all thepossible sub-ranges as well as individual numerical values within thatrange. For example, description of a range such as from 1 to 6 should beconsidered to have specifically disclosed sub-ranges such as from 1 to3, from 1 to 4, from 1 to 5, from 2 to 4, from 2 to 6, from 3 to 6 etc.,as well as individual numbers within that range, for example, 1, 2, 2.7,3, 4, 5, 5.3, and 6. This applies regardless of the breadth of therange.

The term “substantially the same as the X-ray Powder Diffraction Patternshown in FIG. 3A” is intended to indicate that the 2-theta angle valuesof the X-ray powder diffraction patterns may vary slightly (+0.2°) fromsample preparation to sample preparation and from one machine toanother, from one sample to another, or as a result of slight variationsin sample preparation and measurement conditions utilised, so the peakpositions shown in FIG. 3A and described in the Peak List are not to beconstrued as absolute values.

The abbreviation “CSP-1103” means itanapraced.

The abbreviation “CHF5074” means itanapraced.

The abbreviation “NCT” means nicotinamide.

The abbreviation “CSPNCT” means co-crystal of itanapraced andnicotinamide.

For the purposes of the present invention, the term “non-hygrosopic”means that the molecule gains or loses less than 0.20% w/w, at 25° C.between 5-95% RH (relative humidity).

For the purposes of the present invention, the term “slightlyhygroscopic” means that the molecule gains or loses more than 0.20% w/wbut less than 2% w/w- at 25° C. between 5-95% RH (relative humidity).

For the purposes of the present invention, the “neurodegenerativecondition” includes Parkinson's disease (PD), Alzeimer's disease (AD),Multiple Sclerosis (MS), juvenile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (JNCL)(Batten disease type-3), age-related macular degeneration (AMD);dementias (e.g., MCI), neurological infection, neurologic injury(Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)) and neurologic inflammation. The“neurodegenerative condition” also includes tauopathies, especiallyAmyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), Pick's disease, Frontal TemporalDementia (FTD) and Progressive Supranuclear Palsy (PSP) as well as brainhypoxia.

For the purposes of the present invention, “AUC” is the area under theplot of plasma concentration of itanapraced (not logarithm of theconcentration) against time after itanapraced administration. The areais conveniently determined by the “trapezoidal rule”: the data pointsare connected by straight line segments, perpendiculars are erected fromthe abscissa to each data point, and the sum of the areas of thetriangles and trapezoids so constructed is computed. When the lastmeasured concentration (C_(n), at time t_(n)) is not zero, the AUC fromt_(n) to infinite time is estimated by C_(n)/k_(el).

The AUC is of particular use in estimating bioavailability ofitanapraced, and in estimating total clearance of itanapraced (ClT).Following single intravenous doses, AUC=D/ClT, for single compartmentsystems obeying first-order elimination kinetics; alternatively,AUC=Co/k_(el). With routes other than the intravenous, for such systems,AUC=FD/ClT, where F is the availability of the itanapraced.

For the purposes of the present invention, “dose response” is thequantitative relationship between the magnitude of response and the doseinducing the response and may be measured by conventional means known inthe art. The curve relating effect (as the dependent variable) to dose(as the independent variable) for a itanapraced-cell system is the“dose-response curve”. Typically, the dose-response curve is themeasured response to a itanapraced plotted against the dose of theitanapraced (mg/kg) given. The dose response curve can also be a curveof AUC against the dose of the intanapraced given.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

FIG. 1A is the XRPD for CSP-1103.

FIGS. 1B-1E depict photomicrographs at various magnifications ofCSP-1103.

FIG. 2 is a photomicrograph of CSPNCT needle along with NCT.

FIG. 3A is XRPD for CSPNCT.

FIG. 3B is XRPD comparison of CSPNCT (top), CSP-1103 (bottom), and NCT(middle).

FIG. 4 depicts a unit cell of CSPNCT with of 4 NCT and 4 CSP molecules.

FIG. 5 is DVS kinetic plot for CSPNCT (5-95% RH, 25° C.).

FIG. 6 is DVS isothermal plot for CSPNCT (5-95% RH, 25° C.).

FIG. 7 is XRPD for pre-exposed (second from top) and post-exposed (top)DVS sample of CSPNCT (5-95% RH, 25° C.).

FIGS. 8A-8C depict isotherms for the water vapor sorption and desorptionof CSP, CSPNCT, and NCT, respectively. All the isotherms have the samescales for the Percentage Weight Change (y-axis) and the PercentageRelative Humidity (x-axis) for comparative purposes.

FIGS. 9A-9D are photomicrographs at various magnifications of CSPNCT.

FIG. 10 depicts a model of dyregulated response to oxidative stress.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The ingredient in the co-crystal of the invention may be itanapraced.Itanapraced is a first-in-class, orally active, small-molecule compoundbeing developed by Applicant CereSpir, under a licensing agreement withChiesi for the treatment of mild cognitive impairment, i.e. preventionof disease progression in patients at risk of developing Alzheimer'sdisease (AD).

Itanapraced

Itanapraced,1-(3′,4′-dichloro-2-fluoro[1,1′-biphenyl]-4-yl)-cyclopropanecarboxylicacid) (aka CSP-1103, formerly CHF 5074), belongs to a new class of drugcompounds (“praceds”) that bind the amyloid precursor protein (APP) andinhibit the transcriptional activity of its intracellular domain (AICD).Itanapraced may also modulate microglia.

The chemical structure of itanapraced is as follows:

Itanapraced is an orally available brain-penetrant small molecule thathas been tested in over 200 subjects in several Phase 1 studies and aPhase 2 study in mild cognitive impairment (MCI), with favorable results(Ross, 2013).

In addition to good safety and tolerability, itanapraced producedbeneficial dose-related CSF differences in two key neuroinflammatorymediators, TNF-α and soluble CD40L, as well as in levels of total tau, arecognized marker of neurodegeneration. Patients also exhibited stablecognition throughout the duration of the trial.

Itanapraced has also been reported to have numerous beneficial effectsin transgenic Alzheimer's mouse models (Imbimbo, 2007, 2009; Lanzillotta2011), in a rat traumatic brain injury model (Lin et al., 2017) and inmouse models of Parkinson's Disease (manuscript submitted) and JuvenileBatten disease (unpublished).

Thus, itanapraced appears to be effective in a broad range of diseaseindications pointing to a common mechanism linked by oxidative stressand neuroinflammation. A potential mechanism is depicted in FIG. 10 .

Of particular relevance is the finding than itanapraced prevented theaccumulation of hypertrophic microglia in the injured brain andattenuated both neurological and acute lung injury in rats after TBI (Li2017).

It is believed than itanapraced could be used to prevent, inhibit ortreat CNS infection and neurological damage in humans followingperipheral COVID-19 infection which may also mitigate lung damage andloss of function.

Itanapraced is being explored for a number of disease indicationsincluding Parkinson's disease, Juvenile Batten disease and mildcognitive impairment by the Applicant. It is a small molecule with goodoral bioavailability, a long plasma half-life and substantialpenetration into the brain.

In a Phase 2 study in patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI)treated up to two years (double blind for 3 months; open labelthereafter), itanapraced was found to be well tolerated and produceddose-related statistically significant reductions, in the brain, of twokey neuroinflammatory mediators, soluble CD40 ligand and TNF-α as wellas, total tau, a recognized marker of neurodegeneration. In addition,patients exhibited stable cognitive function throughout the longduration of the trial.

With itanapraced, the Applicant has the most advanced compound thattargets LRRK-mediated neurotoxicity with significant clinical trialexperience involving more than 200 human subjects.

Nicotinamide

Nicotinamide (NCT) is a form of vitamin B3. It is a water solublevitamin. Nicotinamide has the following structure:

Nicotinamide is a precursor of (NAD) (+), which means cells can use achemical reaction to turn nicotinamide into (NAD) (+). (NAD) (+) is acrucial component of the chemical reaction that mitochondria use toproduce energy. −

Nicotinamide found in food and used as a dietary supplement andmedication. As a supplement, it may be used by mouth to prevent andtreat pellagra (niacin deficiency). While nicotinic acid (niacin) mayalso be used for this purpose, nicotinamide has the benefit of notcausing skin flushing. As a cream, nicotinamide may used to treat acne.

Nicotinamide can be used a coformer to form co-crystal of the presentinvention. Depending on the embodiment and dose, it may or may not havebiological activity in the co-crystal of the invention.

In the cytoplasm of mammalian cells, AICD physically interacts with thetranscription factor forkhead box O (FoxO) which is a crucial downstreammediator of APP-induced cell death and locomotion defect; and alsotranslocates with FoxO into the nucleus upon oxidative stress.

Under conditions of acute oxidative stress, AICD transcriptionalactivity may cause cell damage by interacting with FOXO3a, a criticalcomponent of the physiological response mechanism to oxidative stress.

APP may therefore modulate FoxO-mediated cell death through AICD, whichacts as a transcriptional co-activator of FoxO.

In addition, in neurons, astrocytes and microglia, APP may have aproinflammatory function.

Itanapraced may bind the amyloid precursor protein (APP) and inhibit thetranscriptional activity of its intracellular domain (AICD). Itanapracedmay also modulate microglia. Itanapraced may also inhibit inflammation.In some of the embodiments, nicotinamide may augment therapeuticactivity of intanapraced.

The co-crystals of the present invention may comprise itanapraced andnicotinamide and may therefore be used for treatment ofneurodegeneration disorders, infections, dementias, inflammation, andinjuries.

Dosage

The co-crystals of the present disclosure may be administered to a humansubject at a dose of a dose of about 3 mg/day to about 3000 mg/day,about 4 mg/day to about 2500 mg/day, about 5 mg/day to about 2000mg/day, about 10 mg/day to about 1500 mg/day, 10 mg/day to about 1000mg/day, about 50 mg/day to about 600 mg/day, about 50 mg/day to about500 mg/day, about 50 mg/day to about 400 mg/day, 50 mg/day to about 300mg/day, or about 100 mg/day to about 30 mg/day.

The formulations of present invention may contain from about 3 mg toabout 3500 mg of a co-crystal (e.g., a co-crystal comprising itanapracedand nicotinamide), accounting for more than once a day administration.Thus, the formulations of the present invention may be administeredanywhere from 1 to 4 times per day, in order to provide the full dailydose.

Administration

The formulations of the present invention may be administered by anypharmaceutically effective route. For example, the co-crystals may beformulated in a manner such that they can be administered orally,intranasally, rectally, vaginally, sublingually, buccally, parenterally,or transdermally, and thus, be formulated accordingly. The co-crystalscan be administered in liquid, tablet, parenteral, transrectal,transdermal or in any other form of administration suitable in order toachieve a therapeutic effect. Such formulations may contain additionalfillers, carriers, excipient or excipients, inert or not, known to thoseskilled in the art of pharmaceutical preparations, in order to provideappropriate volume and/or facilitate absorption of the active drugs.

Different embodiments of the invention include, but are not limited to,the following examples: All possible combinations and permutations ofco-crystals. In certain embodiments, the co-crystal is administeredtogether or separately but concurrently with an additional drug whichmay work via the same or different mechanism to prevent, inhibit ortreat infection by a neurogedenerative disorder. Another embodiment ofthe invention includes multiple variations in the pharmaceutical dosagesof each drug in combination in a single dosage form as further outlinedbelow. Another embodiment of the invention includes various forms ofpreparations including using solids, liquids, immediate or delayed orextended-release forms. Many types of variations are possible as knownto those skilled in the art. Another embodiment of the inventionincludes multiple routes of administration, which may differ indifferent patients according to their preference, co-morbidities, sideeffect profile, and other factors (IV, PO, transdermal, etc.). Anotherembodiment of the invention includes the presence of other substanceswith the co-crystals comprising active drugs, known to those skilled inthe art, such as fillers, carriers, gels, skin patches, lozenges orother modifications in the preparation to facilitate absorption throughvarious routes (such as gastrointestinal, transdermal, etc.) and/or toextend the effect of the drugs, and/or to attain higher or more stableserum levels or to enhance the therapeutic effect of the active drugs inthe combination.

Dosage Forms

In certain embodiments, the co-crystal of the invention may beformulated in a pharmaceutically acceptable oral dosage form. Oraldosage forms may include but are not limited to, oral solid dosage formsand oral liquid dosage forms. Oral solid dosage forms may include butare not limited to, tablets, capsules, caplets, powders, pellets,multiparticulates, beads, spheres and/or any combinations thereof. Theseoral solid dosage forms may be formulated as immediate release,controlled release, sustained (extended) release or modified releaseformulations.

The oral solid dosage forms of the present invention may also containpharmaceutically acceptable excipients such as fillers, diluents,lubricants, surfactants, glidants, binders, dispersing agents,suspending agents, disintegrants, viscosity-increasing agents,film-forming agents, granulation aid, flavoring agents, sweetener,coating agents, solubilizing agents, and combinations thereof. Each ofthese excipient(s) may, e.g., comprise from about 0.1% to about 99.9%,from about 0.5% to about 95%, from about 1% to about 95%, from about 2%to about 95%, from about 3% to about 95%, or from about 5% to about 95%of the formulation by weight.

The solid dosage form may comprise a pharmaceutical compositioncomprising a co-crystal comprising itanapraced and a coformer, whereinthe coformer is nicotinamide and the co-crystal comprises an X-rayPowder Diffraction Pattern (XRPD) with specific peaks, expressed in 2θproduced from a Cu radiation source (λ=1.54 Å after Ni filtering), atabout 14.63°; 14.90°; 15.56°; 16.71°; 18.24°; 18.46°; 20.03°; 20.27°;22.01°; 22.27°; 24.17°; 24.47°; 26.14°; 26.47°; 27.83°; 28.85°; 29.97°;30.64°; 32.42°; 34.07°; and 39.14°, all +/−0.2 degrees 2θ; and (ii) apharmaceutically acceptable excipient.

In some embodiments, the solid dosage forms of the present invention maybe in the form of a tablet, (including a suspension tablet, a fast-melttablet, a bite-disintegration tablet, a rapid-disintegration tablet, aneffervescent tablet, or a caplet), a pill, a powder (including a sterilepackaged powder, a dispensable powder, or an effervescent powder), acapsule (including both soft or hard capsules, e.g., capsules made fromanimal-derived gelatin or plant-derived HPMC, or “sprinkle capsules”),solid dispersion, solid solution, bioerodible dosage form, controlledrelease formulations, pulsatile release dosage forms, multiparticulatedosage forms, pellets, granules, or an aerosol. In other embodiments,the pharmaceutical formulation is in the form of a powder. In stillother embodiments, the pharmaceutical formulation is in the form of atablet, including but not limited to, a fast-melt tablet. Additionally,pharmaceutical formulations of the present invention may be administeredas a single capsule or in multiple capsule dosage form. In someembodiments, the pharmaceutical formulation is administered in two, orthree, or four, capsules or tablets.

The pharmaceutical solid dosage forms described herein can comprise theco-crystal of the present invention as an API and one or morepharmaceutically acceptable additive(s) such as a compatible carrier,binder, complexing agent, ionic dispersion modulator, filling agent,suspending agent, flavoring agent, sweetening agent, disintegratingagent, dispersing agent, surfactant, lubricant, colorant, diluent,solubilizer, moistening agent, plasticizer, stabilizer, penetrationenhancer, wetting agent, anti-foaming agent, antioxidant, preservative,or one or more combination thereof. In still other aspects, usingstandard coating procedures, such as those described in Remington'sPharmaceutical Sciences, 20th Edition (2000), a film coating is providedaround the active agent(s) of the present invention formulation. In oneembodiment, some or all of the active agent(s) of the present inventionparticles are coated. In another embodiment, some or all of the activeagent(s) of the present invention particles are microencapsulated. Inyet another embodiment, some or all of the active agent(s) of thepresent invention is amorphous material coated and/or microencapsulatedwith inert excipients. In still another embodiment, the active agent(s)of the present invention particles not microencapsulated and areuncoated.

Suitable carriers for use in the solid dosage forms described hereininclude, but are not limited to, acacia, gelatin, colloidal silicondioxide, calcium glycerophosphate, calcium lactate, maltodextrin,glycerin, magnesium silicate, sodium caseinate, soy lecithin, sodiumchloride, tricalcium phosphate, dipotassium phosphate, sodium stearoyllactylate, carrageenan, monoglyceride, diglyceride, pregelatinizedstarch, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, hydroxypropylmethylcelluloseacetate stearate, sucrose, microcrystalline cellulose, lactose, mannitoland the like.

Suitable filling agents for use in the solid dosage forms describedherein include, but are not limited to, lactose, calcium carbonate,calcium phosphate, dibasic calcium phosphate, calcium sulfate,microcrystalline cellulose (e.g., Avicel®, Avicel® PH101, Avicel® PH102,Avicel® PH105, etc.), cellulose powder, dextrose, dextrates, dextrose,dextran, starches, pregelatinized starch, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose(HPMC), hydroxypropylmethylcellulose phthalate,hydroxypropylmethylcellulose acetate stearate (HPMCAS), sucrose,xylitol, lactitol, mannitol, sorbitol, sodium chloride, polyethyleneglycol, and the like.

If needed, suitable disintegrants for use in the solid dosage formsdescribed herein include, but are not limited to, natural starch such ascorn starch or potato starch, a pregelatinized starch such as National1551 or Amijel®, or a sodium starch glycolate such as Promogel® orExplotab®, a cellulose such as a wood product, microcrystallinecellulose, e.g., Avicel®, Avicel® PH101, Avicel® PH102, Avicel® PH105,Elcema® P100, Emcocel®, Vivacel®, Ming Tia®, and Solka-Floc®, Ac-Di-Sol,methylcellulose, croscarmellose, or a cross-linked cellulose, such ascross-linked sodium carboxymethylcellulose (Ac-Di-Sol®), cross-linkedcarboxymethylcellulose, or cross-linked croscarmellose, a cross-linkedstarch such as sodium starch glycolate, a cross-linked polymer such ascrosspovidone, a cross-linked polyvinylpyrrolidone, alginate such asalginic acid or a salt of alginic acid such as sodium alginate, a claysuch as Veegum® HV (magnesium aluminum silicate), a gum such as agar,guar, locust bean, Karaya, pectin, or tragacanth, sodium starchglycolate, bentonite, a natural sponge, a surfactant, a resin such as acation-exchange resin, citrus pulp, sodium lauryl sulfate, sodium laurylsulfate in combination starch, and the like.

Binders impart cohesiveness to solid oral dosage form formulations: forpowder-filled capsule formulation, they aid in plug formation that canbe filled into soft or hard shell capsules and in tablet formulation,binders ensure that the tablet remains intact after compression and helpassure blend uniformity prior to a compression or fill step. Materialssuitable for use as binders in the solid dosage forms described hereininclude, but are not limited to, carboxymethylcellulose, methylcellulose(e.g., Methocel®), hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (e.g. Hypromellose USPPharmacoat-603, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose acetate stearate (AqoateHS-LF and HS), hydroxyethylcellulose, hydroxypropylcellulose (e.g.,Klucel®), ethylcellulose (e.g., Ethocel®), and microcrystallinecellulose (e.g., Avicel®), microcrystalline dextrose, amylose, magnesiumaluminum silicate, polysaccharide acids, bentonites, gelatin,polyvinylpyrrolidone/vinyl acetate copolymer, crosspovidone, povidone,starch, pregelatinized starch, tragacanth, dextrin, a sugar, such assucrose (e.g., Dipac®), glucose, dextrose, molasses, mannitol, sorbitol,xylitol (e.g., Xylitab®), lactose, a natural or synthetic gum such asacacia, tragacanth, ghatti gum, mucilage of isapol husks, starch,polyvinylpyrrolidone (e.g., Povidone® CL, Kollidon® CL, Polyplasdone®XL-10, and Povidone® K-12), larch arabogalactan, Veegum®, polyethyleneglycol, waxes, sodium alginate, and the like. In general, binder levelsof 20-70% are used in powder-filled gelatin capsule formulations. Binderusage level in tablet formulations is a function of whether directcompression, wet granulation, roller compaction, or usage of otherexcipients such as fillers which itself can act as moderate binders areused. Formulators skilled in the art can determine the binder level forthe formulations, but binder usage level of up to 70% in tabletformulations is common.

Suitable lubricants or glidants for use in the solid dosage formsdescribed herein include, but are not limited to, stearic acid, calciumhydroxide, talc, corn starch, sodium stearyl fumarate, alkali-metal andalkaline earth metal salts, such as aluminum, calcium, magnesium, zinc,stearic acid, sodium stearates, magnesium stearate, zinc stearate,waxes, Stearowet®, boric acid, sodium benzoate, sodium acetate, sodiumchloride, leucine, a polyethylene glycol or a methoxypolyethylene glycolsuch as Carbowax™ PEG 4000, PEG 5000, PEG 6000, propylene glycol, sodiumoleate, glyceryl behenate, glyceryl palmitostearate, glyceryl benzoate,magnesium or sodium lauryl sulfate, and the like.

Suitable diluents for use in the solid dosage forms described hereininclude, but are not limited to, sugars (including lactose, sucrose, anddextrose), polysaccharides (including dextrates and maltodextrin),polyols (including mannitol, xylitol, and sorbitol), cyclodextrins andthe like.

Non-water-soluble diluents are compounds typically used in theformulation of pharmaceuticals, such as calcium phosphate, calciumsulfate, starches, modified starches and microcrystalline cellulose, andmicro cellulose (e.g., having a density of about 0.45 g/cm3, e.g.Avicel, powdered cellulose), and talc.

Suitable wetting agents for use in the solid dosage forms describedherein include, for example, oleic acid, glyceryl monostearate, sorbitanmonooleate, sorbitan monolaurate, triethanolamine oleate,polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate, polyoxyethylene sorbitanmonolaurate, quaternary ammonium compounds (e.g., Polyquat 10®), sodiumoleate, sodium lauryl sulfate, magnesium stearate, sodium docusate,triacetin, vitamin E TPGS and the like. Wetting agents includesurfactants.

Suitable surfactants for use in the solid dosage forms described hereininclude, for example, docusate and its pharmaceutically acceptablesalts, sodium lauryl sulfate, sorbitan monooleate, polyoxyethylenesorbitan monooleate, polysorbates, poloxamers, bile salts, glycerylmonostearate, copolymers of ethylene oxide and propylene oxide, e.g.,Pluronic® (BASF), and the like.

Suitable suspending agents for use in the solid dosage forms describedhere include, but are not limited to, polyvinylpyrrolidone, e.g.,polyvinylpyrrolidone K12, polyvinylpyrrolidone K17, polyvinylpyrrolidoneK25, or polyvinylpyrrolidone K30, polyethylene glycol, e.g., thepolyethylene glycol can have a molecular weight of about 300 to about6000, or about 3350 to about 4000, or about 7000 to about 18000,vinylpyrrolidone/vinyl acetate copolymer (S630), sodium alginate, gums,such as, e.g., gum tragacanth and gum acacia, guar gum, xanthans,including xanthan gum, sugars, cellulosic, such as, e.g., sodiumcarboxymethylcellulose, methylcellulose, sodium carboxymethylcellulose,hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, hydroxyethylcellulose, polysorbate-80,polyethoxylated sorbitan monolaurate, polyethoxylated sorbitanmonolaurate, povidone and the like.

Suitable antioxidants for use in the solid dosage forms described hereininclude, for example, e.g., butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), butylhydroxyanisole (BHA), sodium ascorbate, Vitamin E TPGS, ascorbic acid,sorbic acid and tocopherol.

Immediate-release formulations may be prepared by combining superdisintegrant such as Croscarmellose sodium and different grades ofmicrocrystalline cellulose in different ratios. To aid disintegration,sodium starch glycolate will be added.

In cases where the two (or more) drugs included in the fixed-dosecombinations of the present invention are incompatible,cross-contamination can be avoided, e.g., by incorporation of the drugsin different drug layers in the oral dosage form with the inclusion of abarrier layer(s) between the different drug layers, wherein the barrierlayer(s) comprise one or more inert/non-functional materials.

The above-listed additives should be taken as merely examples and notlimiting, of the types of additives that can be included in solid dosageforms of the present invention. The amounts of such additives can bereadily determined by one skilled in the art, according to theparticular properties desired.

Oral liquid dosage forms include, but are not limited to, solutions,emulsions, suspensions, and syrups. These oral liquid dosage forms maybe formulated with any pharmaceutically acceptable excipient known tothose of skill in the art for the preparation of liquid dosage forms.For example, water, glycerin, simple syrup, alcohol, and combinationsthereof.

Liquid dosage forms for oral administration may be in the form ofpharmaceutically acceptable emulsions, syrups, elixirs, suspensions, andsolutions, which may contain an inactive diluent, such as water.Pharmaceutical formulations and medicaments may be prepared as liquidsuspensions or solutions using a sterile liquid, such as but not limitedto, an oil, water, an alcohol, and combinations of thesepharmaceutically suitable surfactants, suspending agents, emulsifyingagents, may be added for oral or parenteral administration. Suspensionsmay include oils. Such oils include, but are not limited to, peanut oil,sesame oil, cottonseed oil, corn oil, and olive oil. Suspensions mayalso contain esters of fatty acids such as ethyl oleate, isopropylmyristate, fatty acid glycerides, and acetylated fatty acid glycerides.Suspension formulations may include alcohols, such as, but not limitedto, ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, hexadecyl alcohol, glycerol, andpropylene glycol. Ethers, such as but not limited to, poly(ethyleneglycol), petroleum hydrocarbons such as mineral oil and petrolatum; andwater may also be used in suspension formulations.

In some embodiments, formulations are provided comprising the co-crystalof the present invention particles described herein and at least onedispersing agent or suspending agent for oral administration to asubject. The formulation may be a powder and/or granules for suspension,and upon admixture with water, a substantially uniform suspension isobtained. As described herein, the aqueous dispersion can compriseamorphous and non-amorphous the active agent(s) of the present inventionparticles of consisting of multiple effective particle sizes such thatthe active agent(s) of the present invention particles having a smallereffective particle size is absorbed more quickly and the active agent(s)of the present invention particles having a larger effective particlesize are absorbed more slowly. In certain embodiments, the aqueousdispersion or suspension is an immediate-release formulation. In anotherembodiment, an aqueous dispersion comprising amorphous the activeagent(s) of the present invention particles is formulated such that aportion of the active agent(s) of the present invention particles areabsorbed within, e.g., about 3 hours after administration and about 90%of the active agent(s) of the present invention particles are absorbedwithin, e.g., about 10 hours after administration. In other embodiments,addition of a complexing agent to the aqueous dispersion results in alarger span of the active agent(s) of the present invention containingparticles to extend the drug absorption phase such that 50-80% of theparticles are absorbed in the first 3 hours and about 90% are absorbedby about 10 hours. Dosage forms for oral administration can be aqueoussuspensions selected from the group including, but not limited to,pharmaceutically acceptable aqueous oral dispersions, emulsions,solutions, and syrups. See, e.g., Singh et al., Encyclopedia ofPharmaceutical Technology, 2nd Ed., pp. 754-757 (2002). In addition tothe active agent(s) of the present invention particles, the liquiddosage forms may comprise additives, such as (a) disintegrating agents;(b) dispersing agents; (c) wetting agents; (d) at least onepreservative, (e) viscosity enhancing agents, (f) at least onesweetening agent, and (g) at least one flavoring agent.

Examples of disintegrating agents for use in the aqueous suspensions anddispersions include, but are not limited to, a starch, e.g., a naturalstarch such as corn starch or potato starch, a pregelatinized starchsuch as National 1551 or Amijel®, or sodium starch glycolate such asPromogel® or Explotab®; a cellulose such as a wood product,microcrystalline cellulose, e.g., Avicel®, Avicel® PH101, Avicel® PH102,Avicel® PH105, Elcema® P100, Emcocel®, Vivacel®, Ming Tia®, andSolka-Floc®, methylcellulose, croscarmellose, or a cross-linkedcellulose, such as cross-linked sodium carboxymethylcellulose(Ac-Di-Sol®), cross-linked carboxymethylcellulose, or cross-linkedcroscarmellose; a cross-linked starch such as sodium starch glycolate; across-linked polymer such as crosspovidone; a cross-linkedpolyvinylpyrrolidone; alginate such as alginic acid or a salt of alginicacid such as sodium alginate; a clay such as Veegum® HV (magnesiumaluminum silicate); a gum such as agar, guar, locust bean, Karaya,pectin, or tragacanth; sodium starch glycolate; bentonite; a naturalsponge; a surfactant; a resin such as a cation-exchange resin; citruspulp; sodium lauryl sulfate; sodium lauryl sulfate in combinationstarch; and the like.

In some embodiments, the dispersing agents suitable for the aqueoussuspensions and dispersions described herein are known in the art andinclude, for example, hydrophilic polymers, electrolytes, Tween® 60 or80, PEG, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP; commercially known as Plasdone®),and the carbohydrate-based dispersing agents such as, for example,hydroxypropylcellulose and hydroxypropylcellulose ethers (e.g., HPC,HPC-SL, and HPC-L), hydroxypropylmethylcellulose andhydroxypropylmethylcellulose ethers (e.g. HPMC K100, HPMC K4M, HPMCK15M, and HPMC K100M), carboxymethylcellulose sodium, methylcellulose,hydroxyethylcellulose, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose phthalate,hydroxypropylmethylcellulose acetate stearate, noncrystalline cellulose,magnesium aluminum silicate, triethanolamine, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA),polyvinylpyrrolidone/vinyl acetate copolymer (Plasdone®, e.g., S-630),4-(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)-phenol polymer with ethylene oxide andformaldehyde (also known as tyloxapol), poloxamers (e.g., PluronicsF68®, F88®, and F108®, which are block copolymers of ethylene oxide andpropylene oxide); and poloxamines (e.g., Tetronic 908®, also known asPoloxamine 908®, which is a tetrafunctional block copolymer derived fromsequential addition of propylene oxide and ethylene oxide toethylenediamine (BASF Corporation, Parsippany, N.J.)). In otherembodiments, the dispersing agent is selected from a group notcomprising one of the following agents: hydrophilic polymers;electrolytes; Tween® 60 or 80; PEG; polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP);hydroxypropyl cellulose and hydroxypropyl cellulose ethers (e.g., HPC,HPC-SL, and HPC-L); hydroxypropyl methylcellulose and hydroxypropylmethylcellulose ethers (e.g. HPMC K100, HPMC K4M, HPMC K15M, HPMC K100M,and Pharmacoat® USP 2910 (Shin-Etsu)); carboxymethylcellulose sodium;methylcellulose; hydroxyethylcellulose; hydroxypropylmethylcellulosephthalate; hydroxypropylmethylcellulose acetate stearate;non-crystalline cellulose; magnesium aluminum silicate; triethanolamine;polyvinyl alcohol (PVA); 4-(1,1,3,3- tetramethyl butyl)-phenol polymerwith ethylene oxide and formaldehyde; poloxamers (e.g., Pluronics F68®,F88®, and F108®, which are block copolymers of ethylene oxide andpropylene oxide); or poloxamines (e.g., Tetronic 908®, also known asPoloxamine 908®).

Wetting agents (including surfactants) suitable for the aqueoussuspensions and dispersions described herein are known in the art andinclude, but are not limited to, acetyl alcohol, glycerol monostearate,polyoxyethylene sorbitan fatty acid esters (e.g., the commerciallyavailable Tweens® such as e.g., Tween 20® and Tween 80® (ICI SpecialtyChemicals)), and polyethylene glycols (e.g., Carbowaxs 3350® and 1450®,and Carpool 934® (Union Carbide)), oleic acid, glyceryl monostearate,sorbitan monooleate, sorbitan monolaurate, triethanolamine oleate,polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate, polyoxyethylene sorbitanmonolaurate, sodium oleate, sodium lauryl sulfate, sodium docusate,triacetin, vitamin E TPGS, sodium taurocholate, simethicone,phosphatidylcholine and the like.

Suitable preservatives for the aqueous suspensions or dispersionsdescribed herein include, for example, potassium sorbate, parabens(e.g., methylparaben and propylparaben) and their salts, benzoic acidand its salts, other esters of para hydroxybenzoic acid such asbutylparaben, alcohols such as ethyl alcohol or benzyl alcohol, phenoliccompounds such as phenol, or quaternary compounds such as benzalkoniumchloride. Preservatives, as used herein, are incorporated into thedosage form at a concentration sufficient to inhibit microbial growth.

In one embodiment, the aqueous liquid dispersion can comprisemethylparaben and propylparaben in a concentration ranging from about0.01% to about 0.3% methylparaben by weight to the weight of the aqueousdispersion and about 0.005% to about 0.03% propylparaben by weight tothe total aqueous dispersion weight. In yet another embodiment, theaqueous liquid dispersion can comprise methylparaben from about 0.05 toabout 0.1 weight % and propylparaben from about 0.01 to about 0.02weight % of the aqueous dispersion.

Suitable viscosity enhancing agents for the aqueous suspensions ordispersions described herein include, but are not limited to, methylcellulose, xanthan gum, carboxymethylcellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose,hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose, Plasdone® S-630, carbomer, polyvinylalcohol, alginates, acacia, chitosans and combinations thereof. Theconcentration of the viscosity-enhancing agent will depend upon theagent selected and the viscosity desired.

In addition to the additives listed above, the liquid the activeagent(s) of the present invention formulations can also comprise inertdiluents commonly used in the art, such as water or other solvents,solubilizing agents, emulsifiers, and/or sweeteners.

The formulations suitable for intramuscular, subcutaneous, orintravenous injection may comprise physiologically acceptable sterileaqueous or non-aqueous solutions, dispersions, suspensions or emulsions,and sterile powders for reconstitution into sterile injectable solutionsor dispersions. Examples of suitable aqueous and non-aqueous carriers,diluents, solvents, or vehicles including water, ethanol, polyols(propylene glycol, polyethylene-glycol, glycerol, cremophor and thelike), suitable mixtures thereof, vegetable oils (such as olive oil) andinjectable organic esters such as ethyl oleate. Additionally, the activeagent(s) of the present invention can be dissolved at concentrationsof >1 mg/ml using water-soluble beta cyclodextrins (e.g.beta-sulfobutyl-cyclodextrin and 2-hydroxypropylbetacyclodextrin. Properfluidity can be maintained, for example, by the use of a coating such asa lecithin, by the maintenance of the required particle size in the caseof dispersions, and by the use of surfactants. The active agent(s) ofthe present invention formulations suitable for subcutaneous injectionmay also contain additives such as preserving, wetting, emulsifying, anddispensing agents. Prevention of the growth of microorganisms can beensured by various antibacterial and antifungal agents, such asparabens, benzoic acid, benzyl alcohol, chlorobutanol, phenol, sorbicacid, and the like. It may also be desirable to include isotonic agents,such as sugars, sodium chloride, and the like. Prolonged drug absorptionof the injectable pharmaceutical form can be brought about by the use ofagents delaying absorption, such as aluminum monostearate and gelatin.The active agent(s) of the present invention suspension formulationsdesigned for extended-release via subcutaneous or intramuscularinjection can avoid first-pass metabolism and lower dosages of theactive agent(s) of the present invention will be necessary to maintainplasma levels of about 50 ng/ml. In such formulations, the particle sizeof the active agent(s) of the present invention particles and the rangeof the particle sizes of the active agent(s) of the present inventionparticles can be used to control the release of the drug by controllingthe rate of dissolution in fat or muscle.

In still other embodiments, effervescent powders containing at least oneco-crystal of the invention may be prepared. Effervescent salts havebeen used to disperse medicines in water for oral administration.Effervescent salts are granules or coarse powders containing a medicinalagent in a dry mixture, usually composed of sodium bicarbonate, citricacid and/or tartaric acid. When salts of the present invention are addedto water, the acids and the base react to liberate carbon dioxide gas,thereby causing “effervescence.” Examples of effervescent salts includee.g: sodium bicarbonate or a mixture of sodium bicarbonate and sodiumcarbonate, citric acid and/or tartaric acid. Any acid-base combinationthat results in the liberation of carbon dioxide can be used in place ofthe combination of sodium bicarbonate and citric and tartaric acids, aslong as the ingredients were suitable for pharmaceutical use and resultin a pH of about 6.0 or higher.

In other embodiments, a powder comprising the co-crystal of the presentinvention formulations described herein may be formulated to compriseone or more pharmaceutical excipients and flavors. Such a powder may beprepared, for example, by mixing the active agent(s) of the presentinvention formulation and optional pharmaceutical excipients to form abulk blend composition. Additional embodiments also comprise asuspending agent and/or a wetting agent. This bulk blend is uniformlysubdivided into unit dosage packaging or multi-dosage packaging units.The term “uniform” means the homogeneity of the bulk blend issubstantially maintained during the packaging process.

In certain embodiments of the present invention, pharmaceuticalcompositions may be formulated into a dosage form suitable forparenteral use. For example, the dosage form may be a lyophilizedpowder, a solution, suspension (e.g., depot suspension).

In other embodiments, pharmaceutical compositions may be formulated intoa topical dosage form such as, but not limited to, a patch, a gel, apaste, a cream, an emulsion, liniment, balm, lotion, and ointment.

Tablets of the invention described here can be prepared by methods wellknown in the art. Various methods for the preparation of the immediaterelease, modified release, controlled release, and extended-releasedosage forms (e.g., as matrix tablets, tablets having one or moremodified, controlled, or extended-release layers, etc.) and the vehiclestherein are well known in the art. Generally recognized compendium ofmethods include: Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy,Alfonso R. Gennaro, Editor, 20th Edition, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins,Philadelphia, Pa.; Sheth et al. (1980) Compressed tablets, inPharmaceutical dosage forms, Vol 1, edited by Lieberman and Lachtman,Dekker, N.Y.

In certain embodiments, solid dosage forms, e.g., tablets, effervescenttablets, and capsules, are prepared by mixing the active agent(s) of thepresent invention particles with one or more pharmaceutical excipientsto form a bulk blend composition. When referring to these bulk blendcompositions as homogeneous, it is meant that the active agent(s) of thepresent invention particles are dispersed evenly throughout thecomposition so that the composition may be readily subdivided intoequally effective unit dosage forms, such as tablets, pills, andcapsules. The individual unit dosages may also comprise film coatings,which disintegrate upon oral ingestion or upon contact with diluents.These the active agent(s) of the present invention formulations can bemanufactured by conventional pharmaceutical techniques.

Conventional pharmaceutical techniques for preparation of solid dosageforms include, e.g., one or a combination of methods: (1) dry mixing,(2) direct compression, (3) milling, (4) dry or non-aqueous granulation,(5) wet granulation, or (6) fusion. See, e.g., Lachman et al., Theoryand Practice of Industrial Pharmacy (1986). Other methods include, e.g.,spray drying, pan coating, melt granulation, granulation, fluidized bedspray drying or coating (e.g., Wurster coating), tangential coating, topspraying, tableting, extruding and the like.

Compressed tablets are solid dosage forms prepared by compacting thebulk blend the active agent(s) of the present invention formulationsdescribed above. In various embodiments, compressed tablets which aredesigned to dissolve in the mouth will comprise one or more flavoringagents. In other embodiments, the compressed tablets will comprise afilm surrounding the final compressed tablet. In some embodiments, thefilm coating can provide a delayed release of the active agent(s) of thepresent invention formulation. In other embodiments, the film coatingaids in patient compliance (e.g., Opadry® coatings or sugar coating).Film coatings comprising Opadry® typically range from about 1% to about3% of the tablet weight. Film coatings for delayed-release usuallycomprise 2-6% of a tablet weight or 7-15% of a spray-layered beadweight. In other embodiments, the compressed tablets comprise one ormore excipients.

A capsule may be prepared, e.g., by placing the bulk blend ofco-crystals of the present invention formulation, described above,inside of a capsule. In some embodiments, the co-crystals are placed ina soft gelatin capsule. In other embodiments, the co-crystals are placedin standard gelatin capsules or non-gelatin capsules such as capsulescomprising HPMC. In other embodiments, the co-crystals of the presentinvention formulations are placed in a sprinkle capsule, wherein thecapsule may be swallowed whole or the capsule may be opened and thecontents sprinkled on food prior to eating. In some embodiments of thepresent invention, the therapeutic dose is split into multiple (e.g.,two, three, or four) capsules. In some embodiments, the entire dose ofthe active agent(s) of the present invention formulation is delivered ina capsule form. For example, the capsule may comprise between about 100mg to about 1000 mg of the active agent(s) of the present invention.

In certain preferred embodiments, the formulations of the presentinvention are fixed-dose combinations of a co-crystal comprisingitanapraced and at least one drug which can prevent, inhibit or treat acoronavirus infection in a human by a similar or different mechanismthan the praced drug. Fixed-dose combination formulations may containthe following combinations in the form of single-layer monolithic tabletor multi-layered monolithic tablet or in the form of a coretablet-in-tablet or multi-layered multi-disk tablet or beads inside acapsule or tablets inside a capsule but not limited to: (a)therapeutically efficacious fixed-dose combinations of immediate-releaseformulations; (b) therapeutically efficacious fixed-dose combinations ofimmediate release and extended-release drugs contained in a singledosage form; (c) therapeutically efficacious fixed-dose combinations ofextended-release formulations of the drug(s).

The pharmaceutical compositions described herein can be formulated intoany suitable dosage form, including but not limited to, aqueous oraldispersions, aqueous oral suspensions, solid dosage forms including oralsolid dosage forms, aerosols, controlled release formulations, fast meltformulations, effervescent formulations, self-emulsifying dispersions,solid solutions, liposomal dispersions, lyophilized formulations,tablets, capsules, pills, powders, delayed-release formulations,immediate-release formulations, modified release formulations,extended-release formulations, pulsatile release formulations, multiparticulate formulations, and mixed immediate release and controlledrelease formulations. In some embodiments, the co-crystals of thepresent invention formulations provide a therapeutically effectiveamount of the active agent(s) of the present invention over an intervalof about 30 minutes to about 24 hours after administration, enabling,for example, a four times a day (Q.I.D.), a three times a day (t.i.d.),a twice-a-day (b.i.d.), or a once-a-day (q.d.) administration. Thedosage form comprises co-crystals and a sufficient amount of acontrolled release agent admixed with and/or coating the co-crystal toprovide a desired in-vitro release profile and render the dosage formsuitable, e.g., for a four time a day, a three times a day, a two timesa day, or a once-a-day administration. In one embodiment, theco-crystals formulated into a controlled release or pulsatile soliddosage form for twice-a-day administration. In other embodiments, theco-crystals of the present invention are dispersed in aqueous dispersionfor twice-a-day administration. Generally speaking, one will desire toadminister an amount of the co-crystals of the present invention that iseffective to achieve a plasma level commensurate with the concentrationsfound to be effective in vivo for a period of time effective to elicit adesired therapeutic effect.

Depending on the desired release profile, the oral solid dosage forms ofthe present invention may contain a suitable amount ofcontrolled-release agents, extended-release agents, and/ormodified-release agents (e.g., delayed-release agents). Thepharmaceutical solid oral dosage forms comprising the active agent(s) ofthe present invention described herein can be further formulated toprovide a modified or controlled release of the active agent(s) of thepresent invention. In some embodiments, the solid dosage forms describedherein can be formulated as a delayed release dosage form such as andenteric-coated delayed release oral dosage forms, i.e., as an oraldosage form of a pharmaceutical composition as described herein whichutilizes an enteric coating to affect release in the small intestine ofthe gastrointestinal tract. The enteric-coated dosage form may be acompressed or molded or extruded tablet/mold (coated or uncoated)containing granules, powder, pellets, beads or particles of the activeingredient and/or other composition components, which are themselvescoated or uncoated. The enteric coated oral dosage form may also be acapsule (coated or uncoated) containing pellets, beads or granules ofthe solid carrier or the composition, which are themselves coated oruncoated. Enteric coatings may also be used to prepare other controlledrelease dosage forms including extended-release and pulsatile releasedosage forms.

In other embodiments, the active agent(s) of the formulations describedherein are delivered using a pulsatile dosage form. Pulsatile dosageforms comprising the active agent(s) of the present inventionformulations described herein may be administered using a variety offormulations known in the art. For example, such formulations include,but are not limited to, those described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,011,692,5,017,381, 5,229,135, and 5,840,329, each of which is specificallyincorporated by reference. Other dosage forms suitable for use with theactive agent(s) of the present invention formulations are described in,for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,871,549, 5,260,068, 5,260,069, 5,508,040,5,567,441 and 5,837,284, all of which are specifically incorporated byreference. In one embodiment, the controlled release dosage form ispulsatile release solid oral dosage form comprising at least two groupsof particles, each containing active agent(s) of the present inventionas described herein. The first group of particles provides asubstantially immediate dose of the active agent(s) of the presentinvention upon ingestion by a subject. The first group of particles canbe either uncoated or comprise a coating and/or sealant. The secondgroup of particles comprises coated particles, which may comprise fromabout 2% to about 75%, preferably from about 2.5% to about 70%, or fromabout 40% to about 70%, by weight of the total dose of the activeagent(s) of the present invention in said formulation, in admixture withone or more binders.

Coatings for providing a controlled, delayed, or extended-release may beapplied to the drug(s) or to a core containing the drug(s). The coatingmay comprise a pharmaceutically acceptable ingredient in an amountsufficient, e.g., to provide a delay of from about 2 hours to about 7hours following ingestion before release of the second dose. Suitablecoatings include one or more differentially degradable coatings such as,by way of example only, pH-sensitive coatings (enteric coatings) such asacrylic resins (e.g., Eudragit® EPO, Eudragit® L30D-55, Eudragit® FS 30DEudragit® L100-55, Eudragit® L100, Eudragit® S100, Eudragit® RD100,Eudragit® E100, Eudragit® L12.5, Eudragit® S12.5, and Eudragit® NE30D,Eudragit® NE 40D®) either alone or blended with cellulose derivatives,e.g., ethylcellulose, or non-enteric coatings having variable thicknessto provide differential release of the active agent(s) of the presentinvention formulation.

Many other types of controlled/delayed/extended-release systems known tothose of ordinary skill in the art and are suitable for use with theactive agent(s) of the present invention formulations described herein.Examples of such delivery systems include, e.g., polymer-based systems,such as polylactic and polyglycolic acid, polyanhydrides andpolycaprolactone, cellulose derivatives (e.g., ethylcellulose), porousmatrices, nonpolymer-based systems that are lipids, including sterols,such as cholesterol, cholesterol esters and fatty acids, or neutralfats, such as mono-, di- and triglycerides; hydrogel release systems;silastic systems; peptide-based systems; wax coatings, bioerodibledosage forms, compressed tablets using conventional binders and thelike. See, e.g., Liberman et al., Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, 2 Ed.,Vol. 1, pp. 209-214 (1990); Singh et al., Encyclopedia of PharmaceuticalTechnology, 2nd Ed., pp. 751-753 (2002); U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,327,725,4,624,848, 4,968,509, 5,461,140, 5,456,923, 5,516,527, 5,622,721,5,686,105, 5,700,410, 5,977,175, 6,465,014 and 6,932,983, each of whichis specifically incorporated by reference. In certain embodiments, thecontrolled release systems may comprise thecontrolled/delayed/extended-release material incorporated with thedrug(s) into a matrix, whereas in other formulations, the controlledrelease material may be applied to a core containing the drug(s). Incertain embodiments, one drug may be incorporated into the core whilethe other drug is incorporated into the coating. In some embodiments,materials include shellac, acrylic polymers, cellulosic derivatives,polyvinyl acetate phthalate, and mixtures thereof. In other embodiments,materials include Eudragit® series E, L, RL, RS, NE, L, L300, S, 100-55,cellulose acetate phthalate, Aquateric, cellulose acetate trimellitate,ethyl cellulose, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose phthalate,hydroxypropylmethylcellulose acetate succinate, polyvinyl acetatephthalate, and Cotteric. The controlled/delayed/extended-release systemsmay utilize a hydrophilic polymer, including but not limited to awater-swellable polymer (e.g., a natural or synthetic gum). Thehydrophilic polymer may be any pharmaceutically acceptable polymer whichswells and expands in the presence of water to slowly release the activeagent(s) of the present invention. These polymers include polyethyleneoxide, methylcellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose,hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, and the like.

The performance of acrylic polymers (primarily their solubility inbiological fluids) can vary based on the degree and type ofsubstitution. Examples of suitable acrylic polymers which may be used inmatrix formulations or coatings include methacrylic acid copolymers andammonia methacrylate copolymers. The Eudragit series E, L, S, RL, RS andNE (Rohm Pharma) are available as solubilized in an organic solvent,aqueous dispersion, or dry powders. The Eudragit series RL, NE, and RSare insoluble in the gastrointestinal tract but are permeable and areused primarily for colonic targeting. The Eudragit series E dissolve inthe stomach. The Eudragit series L, L-30D and S are insoluble in thestomach and dissolve in the intestine; Opadry Enteric is also insolublein the stomach and dissolves in the intestine.

Examples of suitable cellulose derivatives for use in matrixformulations or coatings include ethyl cellulose; reaction mixtures ofpartial acetate esters of cellulose with phthalic anhydride. Theperformance can vary based on the degree and type of substitution.Cellulose acetate phthalate (CAP) dissolves in pH >6. Aquateric (FMC) isan aqueous-based system and is a spray-dried CAP psuedolatex withparticles <1 μm. Other components in Aquateric can include pluronic,Tweens, and acetylated monoglycerides. Other suitable cellulosederivatives include cellulose acetate trimellitate (Eastman);methylcellulose (Pharmacoat, Methocel); hydroxypropylmethylcellulosephthalate (HPMCP); hydroxypropylmethylcellulose succinate (HPMCS); andhydroxypropylmethylcellulose acetate succinate (e.g., AQOAT (ShinEtsu)). The performance can vary based on the degree and type ofsubstitution. For example, HPMCP such as, HP-50, HP-55, HP-555, HP-55Fgrades are suitable. The performance can vary based on the degree andtype of substitution. For example, suitable grades ofhydroxypropylmethylcellulose acetate succinate include, but are notlimited to, AS-LG (LF), which dissolves at pH 5, AS-MG (MF), whichdissolves at pH 5.5, and AS-HG (HF), which dissolves at higher pH. Thesepolymers are offered as granules or as fine powders for aqueousdispersions. Other suitable cellulose derivatives includehydroxypropylmethylcellulose.

In some embodiments, the coating may contain a plasticizer and possiblyother coating excipients such as colorants, talc, and/or magnesiumstearate, which are well known in the art. Suitable plasticizers includetriethyl citrate (Citroflex 2), triacetin (glyceryl triacetate), acetyltriethyl citrate (Citroflec A2), Carbowax 400 (polyethylene glycol 400),diethyl phthalate, tributyl citrate, acetylated monoglycerides,glycerol, fatty acid esters, propylene glycol, and dibutyl phthalate. Inparticular, anionic carboxylic acrylic polymers usually will contain10-25% by weight of a plasticizer, especially dibutyl phthalate,polyethylene glycol, triethyl citrate, and triacetin. Conventionalcoating techniques such as spray or pan coating are employed to applycoatings. The coating thickness must be sufficient to ensure that theoral dosage form remains intact until the desired site of topicaldelivery in the intestinal tract is reached.

Extended-release multi-layered matrix tablets may be prepared by usingfixed-dose combinations of a drug(s) from Group 1 together with adrug(s) from Group 2. Such formulations may comprise one or more of thedrugs within a hydrophilic or hydrophobic polymer matrix. For example, ahydrophilic polymer may comprise guar gum, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose,and xanthan gum as matrix formers. Lubricated formulations may becompressed by a wet granulation method.

Multilayer tablet delivery (e.g., such as that used in the GeoMatrix™technology) comprises a hydrophilic matrix core containing the activeingredient and one or two impermeable or semi-permeable polymericcoatings. This technology uses films or compressed polymeric barriercoatings on one or both sides of the core. The presence of polymericcoatings (e.g., such as that used in the GeoMatrix™ technology) modifiesthe hydration/swelling rates of the core and reduces the surface areaavailable for drug release. These partial coatings provide modulation ofthe drug dissolution profile: they reduce the release rate from thedevice and shift the typical time-dependent release rate towardsconstant release. This technology enables customized levels ofcontrolled release of specific drugs and/or simultaneous release of twodifferent drugs at different rates that can be achieved from a singletablet. The combination of layers, each with different rates ofswelling, gelling and erosion, is used for the rate of drug release inthe body. Exposure of the multilayer tablet as a result of the partialcoating may affect the release and erosion rates, therefore,transformation of a multilayered tablet with exposure on all sides tothe gastrointestinal fluids upon detachment of the barrier layer will beconsidered.

Multi-layered tablets containing combinations of immediate release andmodified/extended release of two different drugs or dual release rate ofthe same drug in a single dosage form may be prepared by usinghydrophilic and hydrophobic polymer matrices.

Dual release repeat action multi-layered tablets may be prepared with anouter compression layer with an initial dose of rapidly disintegratingmatrix in the stomach and a core inner layer tablet formulated withcomponents that are insoluble in the gastric media but releaseefficiently in the intestinal environment.

In one embodiment, the dosage form is a solid oral dosage form which isan immediate release dosage form whereby >80% of the active agent(s) ofthe present invention particles hours after administration. In otherembodiments, the invention provides an (e.g., solid oral) dosage formthat is a controlled release or pulsatile release dosage form. In suchinstances, the release may be, e.g., 30 to 60% of the active agent(s) ofthe present invention particles by weight are released from the dosageform within about 2 hours after administration and about 90% by weightof the active agent(s) of the present invention released from the dosageform, e.g., within about 7 hours after administration. In yet otherembodiments, the dosage form includes at least one active agent in animmediate-release form and at least one active agent in thedelayed-release form, or sustained-release form. In yet otherembodiments, the dosage form includes at least two active agents thatare released at different rates as determined by in-vitro dissolutiontesting or via oral administration.

The various release dosage formulations discussed above and others knownto those skilled in the art can be characterized by their disintegrationprofile. A profile is characterized by the test conditions selected.Thus the disintegration profile can be generated at a pre-selectedapparatus type, shaft speed, temperature, volume, and pH of thedispersion media. Several disintegration profiles can be obtained. Forexample, a first disintegration profile can be measured at a pH levelapproximating that of the stomach (about pH 1.2); a seconddisintegration profile can be measured at a pH level approximating thatof one point in the intestine or several pH levels approximatingmultiple points in the intestine (about 6.0 to about 7.5, morespecifically, about 6.5 to 7.0). Another disintegration profile can bemeasured using distilled water. The release of formulations may also becharacterized by their pharmacokinetic parameters, for example, Cmax,Tmax, and AUC (0-τ).

In certain embodiments, the controlled, delayed or extended-release ofone or more of the drugs of the fixed-dose combinations of the inventionmay be in the form of a capsule having a shell comprising the materialof the rate-limiting membrane, including any of the coating materialspreviously discussed, and filled with the active agent(s) of the presentinvention particles. A particular advantage of this configuration isthat the capsule may be prepared independently of the active agent(s) ofthe present invention particles; thus process conditions that wouldadversely affect the drug can be used to prepare the capsule.Alternatively, the formulation may comprise a capsule having a shellmade of a porous or a pH-sensitive polymer made by a thermal formingprocess. Another alternative is a capsule shell in the form of anasymmetric membrane; i.e., a membrane that has a thin skin on onesurface and most of whose thickness is constituted of a highly permeableporous material. The asymmetric membrane capsules may be prepared by asolvent exchange phase inversion, wherein a solution of polymer, coatedon a capsule-shaped mold, is induced to phase-separate by exchanging thesolvent with a miscible non-solvent. In another embodiment, spraylayered active agent(s) of the present invention particles are filled ina capsule. An exemplary process for manufacturing the spray layered theactive agent(s) of the present invention is the fluidized bed sprayingprocess. The active agent(s) of the present invention suspensions or theactive agent(s) of the present invention complex suspensions describedabove may be sprayed onto sugar or microcrystalline cellulose (MCC)beads (20-35 mesh) with Wurster column insert at an inlet temperature of50° C. to 60° C. and air temp of 30° C. to 50° C. A 15 to 20 wt % totalsolids content suspension containing 45 to 80 wt % the active agent(s)of the present invention, 10 to 25 wt % hydroxymethylpropylcellulose,0.25 to 2 wt % of SLS, 10 to 18 wt % of sucrose, 0.01 to 0.3 wt %simethicone emulsion (30% emulsion) and 0.3 to 10% NaCl, based on thetotal weight of the solid content of the suspension, are sprayed (bottomspray) onto the beads through 1.2 mm nozzles at 10 mL/min and 1.5 bar ofpressure until a layering of 400 to 700% wt % is achieved as compared toinitial beads weight. The resulting spray layered the active agent(s) ofthe present invention particles or the active agent(s) of the presentinvention complex particles comprise about 30 to 70 wt % of the activeagent(s) of the present invention based on the total weight of theparticles. In one embodiment the capsule is a size 0 soft gelatincapsule. In one embodiment, the capsule is a swelling plug device. Inanother embodiment, the swelling plug device is further coated withcellulose acetate phthalate or copolymers of methacrylic acid andmethylmethacrylate. In some embodiments, the capsule includes at least100 mg (or at least 300 mg or at least 400 mg) the active agent(s) ofthe present invention and has a total weight of less than 800 mg (orless than 700 mg). The capsule may contain a plurality of the activeagent(s) of the present invention-containing beads, for example, spraylayered beads. In some embodiments, the beads are 12-25% the activeagent(s) of the present invention by weight. In some embodiments, someor all of the active agent(s) of the present invention containing beadsare coated with a coating comprising 6 to 15% (or 8 to 12%) of the totalbead weight. Optimization work typically involves lower loading levelsand the beads constitute 30 to 60% of the finished bead weight. Thecapsule may contain a granulated composition, wherein the granulatedcomposition comprises the active agent(s) of the present invention.

The capsule may provide pulsatile release the active agent(s) of thepresent invention oral dosage form. Such formulations may comprise: (a)a first dosage unit comprising a first the active agent(s) of thepresent invention dose that is released substantially immediatelyfollowing oral administration of the dosage form to a patient; (b) asecond dosage unit comprising a second the active agent(s) of thepresent invention dose that is released approximately 3 to 7 hoursfollowing administration of the dosage form to a patient. For pulsatilerelease capsules containing beads, the beads can be coated with acoating comprising 6 to 15% (or 8 to 12%) of the total bead weight. Insome embodiments, the coating is a coating that is insoluble at pH 1 to2 and soluble at pH greater than 5.5. In certain embodiments, theformulation may comprise a pulsatile release capsule comprising at leasttwo active agents (e.g., one drug from Group 1 and one drug from Group2). This pulsatile release capsule may contain a plurality of beads inwhich some beads are immediate-release beads and other beads areformulated, for example with the use of a coating, for modified release,typically from about 3 to about 10 hours after administration. In otherembodiments, the pulsatile release capsule contains a plurality of beadsformulated for modified release and the active agent(s) of the presentinvention powder, for example, spray granulated the active agent(s) ofthe present invention, for immediate release.

In some embodiments, the release of the active agent(s) of the presentinvention particles can be modified with a modified release coating,such as an enteric coating using cellulose acetate phthalate or asustained release coating comprising copolymers of methacrylic acid andmethylmethacrylate. In one embodiment, the enteric coating may bepresent in an amount of about 0.5 to about 15 wt %, more specifically,about 8 to about 12 wt %, based on the weight of, e.g., the spraylayered particles. In one embodiment, the spray layered particles coatedwith the delayed and/or sustained release coatings can be filled in amodified release capsule in which both enteric-coated and immediaterelease the active agent(s) of the present invention beads are filledinto a soft gelatin capsule. Additional suitable excipients may also befilled with the coated particles in the capsule. The uncoated particlesrelease the active agent(s) of the present invention immediately uponadministration while the coated particles do not release the activeagent(s) of the present invention until these particles reach theintestine. By controlling the ratios of the coated and uncoatedparticles, desirable pulsatile release profiles may be obtained. In someembodiments, the ratios between the uncoated and the coated particlesare e.g., 20/80, or 30/70, or 40/60, or 50/50, w/w to obtain desirablerelease.

In certain embodiments, the drugs contained in a fixed-dose combinationof the present invention may be in the form of beads contained within acapsule. In certain embodiments, some beads may release one or bothdrugs immediately, while other beads would release one or both drugsover an extended period of time or after a delay (delayed-release).

In certain embodiments, spray layered active agent(s) of the presentinvention particles can be compressed into tablets with commonly usedpharmaceutical excipients. Any appropriate apparatus for forming thecoating can be used to make the enteric coated tablets, e.g., fluidizedbed coating using a Wurster column, powder layering in coating pans orrotary coaters; dry coating by double compression technique; tabletcoating by film coating technique, and the like. See, e.g., U.S. Pat.No. 5,322,655; Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences Handbook: Chapter 90“Coating of Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms”, 1990. In certain embodiments,the spray layered the active agent(s) of the present invention describedabove and one or more excipients are dry blended and compressed into amass, such as a tablet, having a hardness sufficient to provide apharmaceutical composition that substantially disintegrates within lessthan about 30 minutes, less than about 35 minutes, less than about 40minutes, less than about 45 minutes, less than about 50 minutes, lessthan about 55 minutes, or less than about 60 minutes, after oraladministration, thereby releasing the active agent(s) of the presentinvention formulation into the gastrointestinal fluid. In otherembodiments, the spray layered the active agent(s) of the presentinvention particles or spray layered the active agent(s) of the presentinvention complex particles with enteric coatings described above andone or more excipients are dry blended and compressed into a mass, suchas a tablet. In one embodiment, the enteric-coated particles in thetablet substantially avoid the release of the active agent(s) of thepresent invention, for example, less than 15 wt %, in the stomach butreleases substantially all the active agent(s) of the present invention(enterically or sustained-release coated), for example, greater than 80wt %, in the intestine.

In certain embodiments, a pulsatile release the active agent(s) of thepresent invention formulation comprises a first dosage unit comprising aformulation made from the active agent(s) of the present inventioncontaining granules made from a spray drying or spray granulatedprocedure or a formulation made from the active agent(s) of the presentinvention complex containing granules made from a spray drying or spraygranulated procedure without enteric or sustained-release coatings and asecond dosage unit comprising spray layered the active agent(s) of thepresent invention particles or spray layered the active agent(s) of thepresent invention complex particles with enteric or sustained-releasecoatings. In one embodiment, the first dosage unit and the second dosageunit are wet or dry blended and compressed into a mass to make apulsatile release tablet.

In certain embodiments, binding, lubricating and disintegrating agentsare blended (wet or dry) to the spray layered the active agent(s) of thepresent invention to make a compressible blend. The first and seconddosage units are compressed separately and then compressed together toform a bilayer tablet. In yet another embodiment, the first dosage unitis in the form of an overcoat and completely covers the second dosageunit.

In certain embodiments, ingredients (including or not including theactive agent(s)) of the invention are wet granulated. The individualsteps in the wet granulation process of tablet preparation includemilling and sieving of the ingredients, dry powder mixing, wet massing,granulation, drying, and final grinding. In various embodiments, theactive agent(s) of the present invention composition is added to theother excipients of the pharmaceutical formulation after they have beenwet granulated. Alternatively, the ingredients may be subjected to drygranulation, e.g., via compressing a powder mixture into a rough tabletor “slug” on a heavy-duty rotary tablet press. The slugs are then brokenup into granular particles by a grinding operation, usually by passagethrough an oscillation granulator. The individual steps include mixingof the powders, compressing (slugging) and grinding (slug reduction orgranulation). No wet binder or moisture is involved in any of the steps.In some embodiments, the active agent(s) of the present inventionformulation is dry granulated with other excipients in thepharmaceutical formulation. In other embodiments, the active agent(s) ofthe present invention formulation is added to other excipients of thepharmaceutical formulation after they have been dry granulated.

In other embodiments, the formulation of the present inventionformulations described herein is a solid dispersion. Methods ofproducing such solid dispersions are known in the art and include, butare not limited to, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,343,789, 5,340,591,5,456,923, 5,700,485, 5,723,269, and U.S. Pub. Appl. 2004/0013734, eachof which is specifically incorporated by reference. In some embodiments,the solid dispersions of the invention comprise both amorphous andnon-amorphous the active agent(s) of the present invention and can haveenhanced bioavailability as compared to conventional the active agent(s)of the present invention formulations. In still other embodiments, theactive agent(s) of the present invention formulations described hereinare solid solutions. Solid solutions incorporate a substance togetherwith the active agent and other excipients such that heating the mixtureresults in the dissolution of the drug and the resulting composition isthen cooled to provide a solid blend that can be further formulated ordirectly added to a capsule or compressed into a tablet.

The pharmaceutical agents which make up the combination therapydisclosed herein may be a combined dosage form or in separate dosageforms intended for substantially simultaneous administration. Thepharmaceutical agents that make up the combination therapy may also beadministered sequentially, with either therapeutic compound beingadministered by a regimen calling for two-step administration.

Covid-19

Various reports indicate that a significant proportion of patients withCOVID-19 show neurologic symptoms, such as headache, nausea, vomiting aswell as loss of taste and smell and in rare cases even encephalitis (Li,2020; Yeager 2020; Filatov, 2020). It is believed that these neurologicsymptoms indicate that the virus may also invade the central nervoussystem such as was previously reported for SARS-CoV or MERS. The routeby which the viruses enter the CNS is still not known but there isincreasing evidence that they may first invade peripheral nerveterminals, and then gain access to the CNS via transsynaptic transfer(Li 2012, 2013).

The consequent neurological damage caused by a coronavirus such asCOVID-19 has the potential to exacerbate lung damage in two ways: First,some coronaviruses have been demonstrated able to spread to themedullary cardiorespiratory center in the brain stem causing damage thatcould interfere with control of respiratory function. Second, webelieve, by releasing cytokines and other toxins into the bloodcirculation, which then lodge in the lungs contributing to AcuteRespiratory Stress Syndrome (ARDS) from which COVID-19 patients oftendie.

A similar mechanism has been proposed to account for the largeproportion (20-30%) of ARDS in patients who have suffered traumaticbrain injury (TBI) where ensuing damage to the blood brain barrier (BBB)leads to acute release of a variety of factors, includingproinflammatory immune cells, cytokines and toxins, released fromhyperactivated or injured microglia, astrocytes and neurons (Hu, 2017;Puntambekar, 2018). The brain similarly orchestrates a compleximmunological tissue reaction to coronavirus infection (Bergman, 2006).A recent report indicates that microglia in particular are essential forprotection against coronavirus induced encephalitis (Wheeler, 2018).

Example 1 Instruments and Experimental Details

X-Ray Powder Diffractometer (XRPD)

X-ray powder diffraction analyses are obtained using a BRUKER D8 ADVANCEequipped with a Cu radiation source operated at 40 kV and 40 mA (λ=1.54Å after Ni filtering) configured in a Bragg-Brentano geometry, equippedwith a 90-position AUTO-CHANGER and a silicon strip detector (SSD160-2).A coupled theta-two theta continuous PSD (Position Sensitive Device)fast scan from 4 to 40 degrees are collected over approximately 32minutes (0.5 sec/0.01° step). A sample is placed onto a polishedzero-background silicon wafer by gently distributing onto the flatsurface and is analyzed as a flat plate specimen.

Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC)

DSC runs are generated on a TA Instruments DSC 2500 equipped with anauto-sampler and RCS90. Typically, 1-3 mg of sample in a Tzerohermetically sealed aluminum pan is heated at 10° C. per minute ramprate from either −80° C. or near ambient temperature to around thedegradation onset as determined by TGA in T4P mode is used. A purge ofdry nitrogen at 50 mL/min is maintained over the sample during theexperiment. The instrument control and data analysis are operated underTRIOS software.

Thermogravimetric Analyzer (TGA)

TGA data are collected using a TA Instruments Discovery TGA equippedwith an autosampler. Typically, 2-5 mg of sample is placed in apre-tared, Tzero aluminum pan either as a hermetically sealed pan whichwould be automatically punched open before sample loading for analysis,or as an open pan. A 10° C. per minute ramp rate from ambienttemperature to 375° C. using a 25 mL/min nitrogen purge is used. Theinstrument control and data analysis are operated under TRIOS software.

Dynamic Vapor Sorption (DVS)

Samples are analyzed using a TA Instruments Q5000SA gravimetric watersorption analyzer. The relative humidity (RH) is adjusted in 10% RHincrements between 5-95% (±1% RH) at 25° C. (±0.5%° C.). The mass of asample is continuously monitored and recorded with respect to RH andtime with criteria for mass equilibrium set as a percent mass change<0.0100 for 5 minutes with a time limit of 720 minutes per step. Thehumidity is controlled by mixing dry and wet nitrogen streams with atotal flow rate of 200 mL/min. The instrument control and data analysisare operated under Advantage for Q Series and Universal Analysissoftware, respectively.

Polarized Light Optical Microscope (PLM)

Samples are analyzed using a Nikon Eclipse LV100N POL polarized lightmicroscope equipped with a FLIR Grasshopper3, 3.2 MP, 121 FPS colordigital camera.

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (NMR)

¹H-NMR data are acquired on Bruker 400 MHz spectrometer at ambienttemperature and the chemical shifts reported in ppm.

pKa Values

The pKa values are calculated using ACD/pKa (Classic, GALAS), version2019.2.1, Advanced Chemistry Development, Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada,www.acdlabs.com.

Example 2 CSP-1103

The XRPD for CSP-1103 displayed a typical crystalline pattern and isreplicated in FIG. 1A.

The DSC for CSP-1103 displayed a single endothermic event with an onsetat 200.2° C. and a peak maximum of 201.0° C. and a ΔH of 123.1 J/gfollowed by degradation. Degradation appears to start occurring after200° C. by TGA. Mass loss from ambient temperature to 195.0° C. was0.6%, and to 208.0° C. was 0.9% (total loss).

DVS adsorption and desorption results for CSP-1103 (5-95% RH, 25° C.)are presented in Table 1.

TABLE 1 R23809-DVS-003, CSP-1103, lot N1200856 (1-004281-100, 72849)Mass Mass RH Start RH Stop Change RH Start RH Stop Change Cycle 1 of 2(%) (%) (%) Cycle 2 of 2 (%) (%) (%) Adsorption 5 95 1.10 Adsorption 595 1.13 Desorption 95 5 −1.11 Desorption 95 5 −1.13

The average water sorbed or desorbed for this material is 1.1±0.0%between 5-95% RH. This material should be considered slightlyhygroscopic at 95% RH (<2% and ≥0.2%, Ph. Eur. 9.0). The XRPD resultsfor the preexposed and post-exposed materials are comparable to eachother, e.g., no solid form change.

Photomicrographs were obtained for CSP-1103 by PLM and then calibratedaccording to the objective magnification. The particles exhibitbirefringence indicating the material is crystalline. The particles atlower magnifications appear as aggregates (loosely held particles)consisting of irregularly-shaped primary particles ranging from <2-25 μmby <2-25 μm; see FIG. 1B-1E.

The calculated pKa value for the carboxylic acid moiety of CSP-1103 is4.1±0.4.

The 1H-NMR for CSP-1103 in DMSO-d6 displayed three distinct chemicalshift regions: (1) the acidic proton at M2.5 ppm; (2) the aromaticprotons between at 67.2-7.8 ppm; and (3) the cyclopropyl protons withone set of two protons at 61.2 ppm and another set of two protonsbetween 1.4-1.5 ppm with both integrating to two protons for each set.

Either the acidic proton, the aromatic proton at 67.8 (singlet), thearomatic proton at 67.7 (doublet), or either set of the cyclopropylprotons can be used to integrate CSP to determine the ratio between itand a coformer verifying the stoichiometric ratio in the co-crystal.

TABLE 2 MW Other Molecule Abbreviation CAS# (g/mol) GRAS¹ pKa₁ IID²Classification Classification L-ascorbic acid ASC 50-81-7 176.12 Y(1)4.2 Y acid benzoic acid BZA 65-85-0 122.12 Y(1) 4.2 Y acid/aromaticcaffeic acid CFA 331-39-5  180.16 N 3.6 Y hydroxycinnamic acid/phenylpropanoid caffeine CAF 58-08-2 194.19 Y(3, 4) NA Y xanthinealkaloid citric acid CA 77-92-9 192.13 Y(1) 2.9 Y acid/alcohol glutamicacid GMA 617-65-2  147.13 Y(2) 2.2 Y α-amino acid nicotinamide NCT98-92-0 122.13 Y(1) 3.4 N pyridinyl/amide nutraceutical/ supplementphenylalanine PA 63-91-2 165.169 N 1.8 Y α-amino acid nutraceutical/supplement saccharin SAC 81-07-2 183.18 N 1.7 Y amide vanillin VN121-33-5  152.15 N 7.4 Y phenolic aldehyde ¹Numbers in parentheses arethe conclusions from the Select Committee on Generally Recognized asSafe Substances (SCOGS US FDA) and can be found athttps://www.fda.gov/food/generally-recognized-safe-gras/gras-substances-scogs-database.²Inactive Ingredient Search for Approved Drug Products can be found athttps://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cder/iig/index.cfm

Example 3

Cocrystallization screens using solvent-assisted grinding (SAG) andslurry/solubilization (S/S) techniques were investigated with CSP-1103and different coformers.

Coformers which are considered GRAS (generally recognized as safe)and/or identified as approved inactive ingredients for drug productswere investigated. The relevant information on the coformers is providedin Table 2.

The XRPD for the coformers all displayed typical crystalline patternsand was used as reference points during the cocrystallization screen. Iffurther characterizations were needed for a coformer, they were done onan as-needed basis.

Coformer solubility assessment was then performed. The followingsolvents were selected under these solvent classifications, whichrepresent typical manufacturing solvents and have good solvent-solventmiscibility:

1. Aprotic Polar: acetone, ethyl acetate, acetonitrile;

2. Hydrogen Bond Donor: ethanol, methanol; and

3. Electron Pair Donor: MTBE instead of diethyl ether.

Approximately 0.1 mmol of the coformer was weighed out into a 1-dramvial, enough solvent was added to achieve a 0.2 M concentration, and ifrequired, gentle heating was applied at 45° C. for about 1 minute. Ifthe coformer did not dissolve, additional solvent was added to achieveeither a 0.1 M or a 0.05 M concentration, and if required, gentleheating was applied. After 65 hours, observations were made to determineif the coformers had remained in solution. Qualitative solubilityresults for coformers in various solvents is presented in Table3(A)-(F):

TABLE 3 Solvent Molecule 0.2M 0.1M 0.05M >65 hours (A) acetone ASC Y X YX Y X ✓ X BZA ✓ NA NA ✓ CFA Y X Y ✓ NA ✓ CAF Y X Y X Y X ✓ ✓ CA Y ✓ NANA ✓ GMA Y X Y X Y X X NCT Y ✓ NA NA ✓ PA Y X Y X Y X X SAC ✓ NA NA ✓ VN✓ NA NA ✓ (B) methanol ASC Y ✓ NA NA ✓ (BP 65° C.) BZA ✓ NA NA ✓ CFA ✓NA NA ✓ CAF Y X Y X ✓ Y X ✓ X CA ✓ NA NA ✓ GMA Y X Y X Y X X NCT ✓ NA NA✓ PA Y X Y X Y X X ethanol ASC Y X Y X Y X ✓ ✓ (BP 79° C.) BZA ✓ NA NA ✓CFA Y ✓ NA NA ✓ CAF Y X Y X Y X X CA Y ✓ NA NA ✓ GMA Y X Y X Y X X NCT Y✓ NA NA ✓ PA Y X Y X Y X X SAC Y X Y ✓ NA ✓ VN ✓ NA NA ✓ SAC ✓ NA NA ✓VN ✓ NA NA ✓ (C) (D) acetonitrile ASC Y X Y X Y X X (BP 82° C.) BZA ✓ NANA ✓ CFA Y X Y X Y X X CAF Y X Y X ✓ Y ✓ ✓ CA Y X Y X ✓ Y X ✓ ✓ GMA Y XY X Y X X NCT Y X Y ✓ NA ✓ PA Y X Y X Y X X SAC Y ✓ NA NA ✓ VN ✓ NA NA ✓(E) ethyl acetate ASC Y X Y X Y X X (BP 77° C.) BZA ✓ NA NA ✓ CFA Y X YX Y X X CAF Y X Y X Y X ✓ X CA Y X Y X Y X ✓ ✓ GMA Y X Y X Y X X NCT Y XY X Y ✓ ✓ PA Y X Y X Y X X SAC Y ✓ NA NA ✓ VN ✓ NA NA ✓ (F) MTBE ASC Y XY X Y X X (BP 85° C.) BZA ✓ NA NA ✓ CFA Y X Y X Y X X CAF Y X Y X Y X XCA Y X Y X Y X ✓ ✓ GMA Y X Y X Y X X NCT Y X Y X Y X X PA Y X Y X Y X XSAC Y X Y X ✓ Y ✓ ✓ VN ✓ NA NA ✓ Legend for Tables 3(A)-3(F): ✓ no heatadded; dissolved Y ✓ heat added; dissolved Y X ✓ heat added; nearlydissolved

The solubility assessment of CSP-1103 was then performed. Approximately0.05 mmol of CSP-1103 was weighed out into a 1-dram vial, enough solventwas added to achieve a 0.2 M concentration, and if required, gentleheating was applied at 45° C. for 1 minute. If the API did not dissolve,additional solvent was added to achieve either a 0.1 M or a 0.05 Mconcentration, and if required, gentle heating was applied. After 12hours, observations were made to determine if the API had remained insolution. Qualitative solubility results for CSP-1103 in varioussolvents is presented in Table 4.

TABLE 4 Solvents 0.2M 0.1M 0.05M >12 hours acetone Y X Y X ✓ ✓ MTBE Y XY ✓ NA ✓ ethanol Y X Y X ✓ Y ✓ ✓ ethyl acetate Y X Y ✓ NA ✓ methanol Y XY X Y ✓   X * acetonitrile Y X Y X Y X X Legend ✓ no heat added;dissolved Y X heat added; not dissolved Y ✓ heat added; dissolved Y X ✓heat added; nearly dissolved

Coformer and CSP-1103 aqueous solubility assessment was then performed.In a 1-dram vial, enough solvent was added to achieve a 0.05 M aqueousconcentration along with some gentle heating at 45° C. for 1 minute todetermine if the material would completely dissolve. After 24 hours,observations were made to determine if the material had remained insolution. Qualitative aqueous solubility results for the coformers andCSP-1103 in various solvents is presented in Table 5.

TABLE 5 Molecule 0.05M >24 hours ASC ✓ ✓ BZA Y X ✓ X CFA Y X X CAF Y ✓ ✓CA ✓ ✓ GMA Y X ✓ ✓ NCT ✓ ✓ PA ✓ ✓ SAC Y X X VN Y ✓ ✓ CSP-1103 Y X XLegend ✓ no heat added; dissolved Y X heat added; not dissolved Y ✓ heatadded; dissolved Y X ✓ heat added; nearly dissolved

Solvent-assisted Grinding and Slurry Cocrystallization Investigationswere then conducted. Consolidating the solubility results identified theappropriate coformers and solvents to be investigated for the potentialco-crystal formation between a coformer and CSP-1103 by bothsolvent-assisted grinding (SAG) and slurry/solubilization (S/S)techniques. All the organic solvents are miscible with each other. Wateris not miscible with ethyl acetate and MTBE. Consolidated solubilityresults for coformers and CSP-1103 in various solvents is presented inTable 6.

TABLE 6 Solvents Aprotic Polar Electron Pair ethyl H-Bond Acceptor DonorMaterials acetone acetate acetonitrile ethanol methanol water MTBEL-ascorbic X X X ✓ ✓ ✓ X acid benzoic acid ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ X ✓ caffeic acid ✓X X ✓ ✓ X X caffeine ✓ ✓ ✓ X ✓ ✓ X citric acid ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ glumaticacid X X X X X ✓ X nicotinamide ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ X phenylalanine X X X X X ✓X saccharin ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ X ✓ vanillin ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ CSP-1103 ✓ ✓ X ✓ ✓ X ✓

Between 0.08 to 0.11 mmol of CSP-1103 was weighed out into a 1-dramvial. Next, approximately 0.09 to 0.13 mmol of a coformer was weighedout and transferred to the vial. In all cases, the coformer would beeither equal or greater than the mmol concentration of CSP-1103, but notmore than 0.2 mmol. Grinding media was then added to the vial, 50 μL ofthe solvent, and was ground in a mixer.

After mixing, a portion of the material was removed and placed onto anXRPD plate for analysis. If warranted, the dried material from the XRPDplate was used to run TGA and DSC; otherwise, the dried material wasadded back into the vial for the slurry/solubilization cocrystallizationexperiments. Two (2) mL of the same solvent used in the SAG experimentswere added into the vial and heated between 45-75° C. for up to 15minutes to dissolve the components. In all cases, the solvent wasallowed to evaporate to dryness before the XRPD analysis. ConsolidatedXRPD results for the SAG and the S/S cocrystallization investigationsare presented in Table 7.

TABLE 7 R23809- XRPD R23809- 006-### CSP via 006-### XRPD SAG Solvent(mmol) Coformer mmol Designation SAG S/S via S/S 001 acetone 0.09 BZA0.11 CSPBZA X 001SE X 002 0.10 CFA 0.12 CSPCFA X 002SE X 003 0.10 CAF0.11 CSPCAF X 003SE X 004 0.10 CA 0.11 CSPCA X 004SE ✓ 005 0.09 NCT 0.11CSPNCT X 005SE ✓ 006 0.09 SAC 0.11 CSPAC X 006SE X 007 0.11 VN 0.13CSPVN X 007SE X 008 methanol 0.08 ASC 0.10 CSPASC X 008SE X 009 0.09 BZA0.10 CSPBZA X 009SE X 010 0.10 CFA 0.12 CSPCFA X 010SE X 011 0.08 CA0.10 CSPCA ✓ 011SE ✓ 012 0.10 NCT 0.12 CSPNCT X 012SE X 013 0.09 SAC0.10 CSPSAC X 013SE X 014 0.09 VN 0.10 CSPVN X 014SE X 015 75% 0.11 BZA0.12 CSPBZA X 015SE X 016 MTBE 0.10 CA 0.12 CSPCA X 016SE ✓ 017 25% 0.08SAC 0.10 CSPSAC X 017SE X 018 MeOH 0.09 VN 0.10 CSPVN X 018SE X 037 75%0.08 ASC 0.09 CSPASC X 037SE X 038 water 0.09 CAF 0.10 CSPCAF X 038SE X039 25% 0.10 CA 0.11 CSPCA ✓ 039SE X 040 MeOH 0.10 GMA 0.11 CSPGMA X040SE X 041 0.10 NCT 0.12 CSPNCT X 041SE X 042 0.08 PA 0.09 CSPPA X042SE X 043 0.09 VN 0.10 CSPVN X 043SE X 019 Ethyl 0.08 BZA 0.09 CSPBZAX 019SE X 020 acetate 0.09 CA 0.11 CSPCA X 020SE X 021 0.09 NCT 0.11CSPNCT X 021SE ✓ 022 0.08 SAC 0.09 CSPSAC X 022SE ✓ 023 0.08 VN 0.10CSPVA ✓ 023SE ✓ 024 ethanol 0.08 ASC 0.09 CSPASC X 024SE X 025 0.08 BZA0.10 CSPBZA X 025SE X 026 0.08 CFA 0.09 CSPCFA X 026SE X 027 0.11 CA0.13 CSPCA ✓ 027SE ✓ 028 0.10 NCT 0.10 CSPNCT X 028SE ✓ 029 0.09 SAC0.11 CSPSAC X 029SE ✓ 030 0.09 VN 0.11 CSPVN X 030SE X 031 acetonitrile0.10 BZA 0.12 CSPBZA X 031SE X 032 0.09 CAF 0.10 CSPCAF X 032SE X 0330.09 CA 0.10 CSPCA ✓ 033SE ✓ 034 0.10 NCT 0.12 CSPNCT X 034SE X 035 0.10SAC 0.11 CSPSAC X 035SE X 036 0.09 VN 0.09 CSPVN X 036SE X

Based on the experimental results from the cocrystallization screens, itwas concluded that co-crystals may be potentially produced betweenCSP-1103 and the following coformers:

1. Citric acid from methanol or acetonitrile,

2. Nicotinamide from ethyl acetate,

3. Saccharin from ethyl acetate, and

4. Vanillin from ethyl acetate.

There is some evidence that co-crystals may exist between CSP-1103 andascorbic acid produced from ethyl acetate and between CSP-1103 andcaffeine produced from acetonitrile.

The qualitative solvent solubility for CSP-1103 and the coformersoverlaid with the cocrystallization screens' results are presented inTable 8. Table 8 displays the molar concentrations for the componentspending investigation for the potential formation of co-crystals withthat combination of components and solvent.

TABLE 8 ethyl acetone acetate acetonitrile MTBE ethanol methanol waterCoformers (BP 56° C.) (BP 77° C.) (BP 82° C.) (BP 55° C.) (BP 79° C.)(BP 65° C.) (BP 100° C.) L-ascorbic X X X X 0.05 0.2 ✓ acid benzoic acid✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ X caffeic acid ✓ X X X ✓ ✓ X caffeine ✓ X 0.1 X X X ✓ citricacid ✓ ✓ 0.1  0.05 0.2 0.2 ≥0.05 glutamic acid X X X X X X ✓nicotinamide 0.2  0.05 ✓ X 0.2 ✓ ✓ phenylalanine X X X X X X ✓ saccharin✓ 0.2 ✓ ✓ 0.1 ✓ X vanillin ✓ 0.2 ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ CSP-1103  0.05 0.1 X 0.1 0.05  0.05 X

Based on the qualitative solubility assessment, in most cases, thecoformers are more soluble than CSP-1103, and that if the solubilitiesdiffer enough, the co-crystal may be incongruently saturating in thatsolvent system.

Example 4

API to coformer ratios were then investigated. Approximately 0.5 mmol ofCSP-1103 was weighed out into a 1-dram vial. Next, depending on thecoformer to CSP ratio, the appropriate millimoles of the coformer wereweighed out and transferred to the vial. The solvent was then added tothe vial and heated with stirring between 45-75° C. for up to 60minutes. The slurries were then allowed to cool while continuing to stirovernight.

After overnight stirring, at a minimum, a portion of the slurry wasremoved and placed onto an XRPD plate for analysis. If warranted, thedried material from the XRPD plate was used to run TGA and DSC;otherwise, the dried material was added back into the vial.

Then additional solvent was added to the vial and heated with stirringbetween 45-75° C. for up to 60 minutes. The slurries were then allowedto cool while continuing to stir overnight. After XRPD analyses, anothersolvent addition was repeated for all investigations except for VN(initial study).

The results of the investigations are presented in Table 9.

TABLE 9 Vanillin (VN) VN First Solvent Addition Second Solvent AdditionR23809- Ratio CSP VN R23809- EtOAc R23809- EtOAc 010-### to CSP (mmol)(mmol) 10-### (mL) XRPD 010-### (mL) XRPD 021 1 0.50 0.50 021 0.50 >21CS 1.50 > 022 2 0.49 1.00 022 0.50 ≈ 22C 1.50 > 023 3 0.50 1.48 0230.50 < 23C 1.50 > 024 4 0.54 2.14 024 0.50 < 24C 1.50 < 025 5 0.50 2.55025 0.50 < 25C 1.50 < Saccharin SAC First Solvent Addition SecondSolvent Addition Third Solvent Addition R23809- Ratio CSP SAC R23809-EtOAc XRPD R23809- EtOAc XRPD R23809- EtOAc XRPD 10-### to CSP (mmol)(mmol) 10-### (mL) Results 10-### (mL) Results 010-### (mL) Results 0161 0.55 0.57 016 0.75 > 16C 2^(nd) 1.75 ≈ 16CS 1.25 > heat 017 2 0.601.24 017 0.75 < 17C 1.75 < 17CS 2.50 > 018 3 0.57 1.72 018 0.75 < 18C1.75 < 18CS 2.75 < 019 4 0.57 2.30 019 0.75 < 19C 1.75 < 19CS 3.25 < 0205 0.57 2.87 020 0.75 < 20C 1.75 < 20CS 3.75 < Citric Acid (CA) CA FirstSolvent Addition Second Solvent Addition Third Solvent Addition R23809-Ratio CSP CA R23809- CAN XRPD R23809- CAN XRPD R23809- CAN XRPD 011-###to CSP (mmol) (mmol) 011-### (mL) Results 011-### (mL) Results 011-###(mL) Results 006 1 0.50 0.50 006 0.75 > 006-1 2.00 > 006-2 2.50 > 007 20.58 1.17 007 0.75 ≈ 007-1 2.00 < 007-2 2.50 < 008 3 0.54 1.63 0080.75 > 008-1 2.00 < 008-2 2.50 < 009 4 0.52 2.09 009 0.75 < 009-1 2.00 <009-2 2.50 < 010 5 0.50 2.50 010 0.7 < 010-1 2.00 < 010-2 2.50 <Nicotinamide (NCT) NCT First Solvent Addition Second Solvent AdditionThird Solvent Addition R23809- Ratio CSP NCT R23809- EtOAc XRPD R23809-EtOAc XRPD R23809- EtOAc XRPD 011-### to CSP (mmol) (mmol) 011-### (mL)Results 011-### (mL) Results 011-### (mL) Results 031 1 0.53 0.55 0310.75 > 031-1 1.75 ≈ 031-2 3 > 032 2 0.50 1.03 032 0.75 ≈ 032-1 1.75 ≈032-2 3 ≈ 033 3 0.50 1.52 033 0.75 < 033-1 1.75 < 033-2 3 ≈ 034 4 0.532.12 034 0.75 < 034-1 1.75 < 034-2 3 < 035 5 0.53 2.66 035 0.75 < 035-11.75 < 035-2 3 < Citric Acid (CA) CA First Solvent Addition SecondSolvent Addition Third Solvent Addition R23809- Ratio CSP CA R23809-MeOH XRPD R23809- MeOH XRPD R23809- MeOH XRPD 011-### to CSP (mmol)(mmol) 011-### (mL) Results 011-### (mL) Results 011-### (mL) Results001 1 0.55 0.58 001 1.50 > 001-1 2.00 > 001-2 3.0 > 002 2 0.51 1.03 0021.50 > 002-1 2.00 > 002-1 3.0 > 003 3 0.55 1.65 003 1.50 > 003-1 2.00 >003-1 3.0 > 004 4 0.54 2.18 004 1.50 > 004-1 2.00 > 004-2 3.0 > 005 50.54 2.71 005 1.50 > 005-1 2.00 > 005-2 3.0 >

The XRPD results indicated the slurry investigations did not produceco-crystals but only mixtures of CSP-1103 and the coformer. A greaterthan symbol (“>”) implies that CSP-1103 was qualitatively greater inquantity than the coformer. A less than symbol (“<”) implies thatCSP-1103 was qualitatively lesser in quantity than the coformer. In somecases, both components appear to be in equal concentrations (“≈”).

Example 5 Co-Crystal Production Via Saturated Coformer Solutions

Various solvents were saturated with a coformer, and then a known volumewas transferred into a 1-dram vial. Approximately 0.01 mmol of CSP-1103was weighed out into the 1-dram vial containing the saturated solution,heated with gentle agitation between 45-75° C. for up to 60 minutes. Thevial was then allowed to stand at ambient temperature for slowevaporation. Crystalline materials were harvested after the solutionevaporated sufficiently.

The crystalline material was placed onto an XRPD plate for analysis. Ifwarranted, the crystalline material from the XRPD plate was used to runTGA and DSC, and other physicochemical techniques; otherwise, thematerial was added back into the vial.

The Experimental details for saturated coformer solutions investigationsare presented in Table 10.

TABLE 10 R23809 Coformer CSP Solvent Experiment (sat.) Solvent (mmol)Added (mL) Comments 012-004 CA MTBE 0.10 1 CSP and CA mixture 012-005 CAMeOH 0.10 4 XRPD indicates possible co-crystal-investigate further012-006 CA EtOH 0.10 3 CSP and CA mixture 012-007 CA EtOH/H₂O 0.09 4gelled solution-use EtOAc instead of water 013-001 CA EtOH/EtOAc 0.10 1CSP and CA mixture 012-001 NCT EtOAc 0.09 1 XRPD indicates possibleco-crystal-investigate further 012-008 NCT EtOH/H₂O 0.09 2 CSP and NCTmixture 013-002 NCT EtOH/EtOAc 0.10 1 solvent nearly evaporated-XRPDindicates possible co- crystal-investigate further 012-002 SAC EtOAc0.09 1 CSP and SAC mixture 012-003 VN EtOAc 0.10 1 CSP and VN mixture012-009 VN EtOH/H₂O 0.10 2 CSP and VN mixture 013-003 VN EtOH/EtOAc 0.111 mostly VN

Based on the XRPD results, experiments R23809-012-005 (CA), R23809 001(NCT), and R23809-013-002 (NCT) possibly indicated co-crystal formation,further thermal and NMR characterizations were warranted for thesesamples. Based on the experimental results, R23809-012-005 was found tobe a mixture of the single components of CSP and CA; R23809-012-001 wasfound to be nearly a pure co-crystal of CSP and NCT-CSPNCT; andR23809-013-002 was found to be a mixture of two components, NCT alongwith a lesser amount of CSPNCT. The ratio between CSP and NCT forR23809-012-001 is 1.1 to 1.0 and for R23809-013-002 is 1 to 4.

Example 6

Cocrystallization attempts between itanapraced (CSP-1103) andnicotinamide (NCT) were made. Attempts at producing co-crystals fromsolvents saturated with a coformer led to the harvesting of a co-crystalbetween CSP-1103 and nicotinamide (CSPNCT).

The crystal habit of NCT is that of colorless plate-like morphonology,and the crystal habit of CSP of colorless needles. The crystal habit ofthe CSPNCT is that of colorless needles; see FIG. 2 .

Preliminary single-crystal X-ray diffraction results indicate that thesupramolecular structural interaction is between the NCT pyridinylmoiety and the CSP carboxylic acid moiety.

The unit cell and symmetry of the two components of the co-crystal werecharacterized by single crystal diffraction to be:

-   -   CSP-1103 (300° K): P2(1)/c (Monoclinic) with a=23.9851 (4) Å,        b=7.36928 (15) Å, c=8.22003 (15) Å, and β=95.0080 (17°), and    -   NCT (150° K): P2 (1)/c (Monoclinic) with a=3.877 (4) Å,        b=15.60 (1) Å, c=9.375 (6) Å, and β=98.45 (7°).

The XRPD for CSPNCT displayed a typical crystalline pattern and has aunique diffraction pattern compared to CSP and NCT. The XRPD for CSPNCTis depicted in FIG. 3A. The peak list, expressed in 2θ produced from aCu radiation source (λ=1.54 Å after Ni filtering), is as follows:

Cu Kα=1.54060

Peak Angle (° Angle (° Relative d Value Position 2θ) 2θ) Intensity (Å) 114.63 14.62988 39% 6.05 2 14.90 14.90119 32% 5.94 3 15.56 15.56149 14%5.69 4 16.71 16.70641 33% 5.30 5 18.24 18.24253 54% 4.86 6 18.4618.46165 66% 4.80 7 20.03 20.02535 100%  4.43 8 20.27 20.26669 18% 4.389 22.01 22.01394 31% 4.03 10 22.27 22.27429 15% 3.99 11 24.17 24.173221% 3.68 12 24.47 24.46769 13% 3.64 13 26.14 26.14478 20% 3.41 14 26.4726.4653 13% 3.37 15 27.83 27.82752  9% 3.20 16 28.85 28.8533 10% 3.09 1729.97 29.97498 20% 2.98 18 30.64 30.63574 11% 2.92 19 32.42 32.41929  5%2.76 20 34.07 34.06786 16% 2.63 21 39.14 39.13952  4% 2.30The comparison between CSPNCT, CSP and NCT is presented in FIG. 3B.

Photomicrographs were obtained for CSPNCT by PLM and then calibratedaccording to the objective magnification. The photomicrographs areprovided in FIGS. 9A-9D. The particles exhibit birefringence indicatingthe material is crystalline. The particles appear as a conglomerate ofneedle-like fibers (4-8 μm by >40 μm) and larger crystals greater than40 μm.

Example 7

A crystal of CSPNCT was characterized by single crystal diffractionanalysis.

A suitable single crystal of CSPNCT was isolated and mounted on a glassfiber with paratone oil on an XtaLAB Synergy diffractometer equippedwith a micro-focus rotating-anode X-ray tube Rigaku (Cu|Mo) X-raysource) and a Hybrid Pixel Array Detector (HyPix) detector. Temperatureof the crystal was controlled with an Oxford Cryosystems low-temperaturedevice. Data reduction was performed with the CrysAlisPro software usinga multi-scan absorption correction. The structure was solved with theShelXT1 structure solution program using the Intrinsic Phasing solutionmethod and by using Olex22 as the graphical interface. The model wasrefined with ShelXL3 using least squares minimization.

CSPNCT is formed by the cocrystallization of 4 NCT and 4 CSP co-crystalsin the unit cell; see FIG. 4 . Positional disorder on the orientation ofthe F-substituted phenyl ring of CSP was found crystallographicallywhere the F-atoms point along two different distinct directions. Theformation of a 2-fold supercell was observed for CSPNCT after carefulexamination of weak intensity reflections. The average picture of theCSPNCT structure is the same with and without the supercell where four(4) molecules of NCT and CSP cocrystallize. Crystallographic refinementof the supercell at 100° K showed that the distribution of the twodirections of the F-substituted phenyl rings is approximately 80:20% asopposed to the initial at 250° K, and erroneous, 50:50% observed for thesubcell (no-supercell consideration).

The apparent unit cell dimensions of CSPNCT are 5.1288 (2) Å×12.1484 (7)Å×32.2055 (16) Å, 90.618 (4°), 91.393 (4°), 90.394 (4°) at 250° K.Careful examination of the reciprocal lattice revealed weak in intensityreflections due the formation of a supercell with a 2-fold superlattice.The summary of crystallographic data for C₈₈H₆₈C₁₈F₄N₈O₁₂ (CSPNCT)(M=1789.10 g/mol)* is: triclinic, space group P-1 (no. 2), a=10.2281 (4)Å, b=13.0200 (7) Å, c=32.0677 (18) Å, a=89.774 (4°), β=88.722 (4°),γ=67.267 (4°), V=3937.7 (4) A³, Z=2, T=100.00 (10) ° K, μ(Cu Kα)=3.296mm⁻¹, D_(calc)=1.509 g/mm³, 17101 reflections measured(5.514°<20<103.858°), 7845 unique (R_(int)=0.0553, R_(sigma)=0.1061)which were used in all calculations. The final R₁ was 0.0714 (I>2σ(I))and wR₂ was 0.1842 (I>2σ(I)). *: Bulk properties are not significantlyaffected by this supercell and the apparent MW (447.02 g/mol) candescribe CSPNCT for practical purposes.

Detailed crystallographic information of the refinement and structure ofCSPNCT can be found in the attached tables. These tables have beencreated with Olex2, compiled on 2020.11.12 svn.r5f609507 for OlexSys.

TABLE Al Crystal data and structure refinement for CSPNCT-supercell.Identification code CSPNCT-supercell Empirical formula C₈₈H₆₈Cl₈F₄N₈O₁₂Formula weight 1789.10   Temperature/° K 100.00 (10) Crystal systemtriclinic Space group P-1 a/Å, b/Å, c/Å 10.2281(4), 13.0200(7),32.0677(18) α/°, β/°, γ/° 89.774(4), 88.722(4), 67.267(4) Volume/Å³3937.7 (4) Z 2    ρ_(calc)/mg mm⁻³ 1.509 μ/mm⁻¹ 3.296 F(000) 1840    Crystal size/mm³ 0.21 × 0.05 × 0.02 Radiation Cu Kα (λ = 1.54184) 2Θrange for data collection/° 5.514 to 103.858° Index ranges −10 ≤ h ≤ 9,−13 ≤ k ≤ 13, −32 ≤ 1 ≤ 32 Reflections collected 17101      Independentreflections 7845[R(_(int)) = 0.0553, R_(sigma) = 0.1061]Data/restraints/parameters 7845/100/1038 Goodness-of-fit on F² 1.051Final R indexes [I > 2σ (I)] R₁ = 0.0714, wR₂ = 0.1842 Final R indexes[all data] R₁ = 0.1137, wR₂ = 0.2123 Largest diff. peak/hole/e Å⁻³0.525/−0.404

TABLE A2 Fractional Atomic Coordinates (×10⁴) and Equivalent IsotropicDisplacement Parameters (Å² × 10³) for CSPNCT- supercell. U_(eq) isdefined as ⅓ of the trace of the orthogonalised U_(IJ) tensor. Atom x yz U(eq) Cl1 7416 (2) 11370.7 (17) 5085.6 (7) 45.9 (6) Cl2 5119 (2)12069.2 (16) 5812.4 (6) 38.2 (6) O1 10397 (5) 7849 (4) 8097.0 (15) 29.5(13) O2 10527 (5) 6331 (4) 8460.5 (16) 31.5 (13) C1 7701 (9) 10589 (6)5538 (2) 32 (2) C2 6700 (8) 10925 (6) 5865 (3) 28.2 (14) C3 6953 (8)10337 (6) 6232 (2) 27.4 (19) C4 8171 (8) 9393 (6) 6287 (2) 25.0 (19) C59144 (8) 9059 (6) 5947 (2) 32 (2) C6 8908 (9) 9659 (7) 5583 (3) 40 (2)C13 9557 (8) 6605 (6) 7777 (2) 30 (2) C14 10116 (9) 5352 (6) 7702 (3) 39(2) C15 8656 (9) 5943 (6) 7884 (3) 39 (2) C16 10206 (8) 6897 (7) 8148(3) 27 (2) F1 6101 (5) 9257 (4) 6875.9 (15) 39.0 (7) C7 8513 (8) 8759(6) 6679 (2) 24.1 (10) C8 9919 (9) 8108 (7) 6787 (3) 28.8 (11) C9 10249(9) 7420 (7) 7129 (3) 28.8 (11) C10 9184 (11) 7362 (8) 7401 (3) 25.1(11) C11 7790 (9) 8022 (7) 7309 (3) 27.7 (12) C12 7518 (8) 8650 (6) 6960(3) 25.2 (12) F1′ 6660 (30) 9930 (20) 7096 (11) 39.0 (7) C7′ 8330 (40)8590 (20) 6636 (8) 24.1 (10) C8′ 9430 (50) 7520 (20) 6649 (10) 28.8 (11)C9′ 9900 (50) 6860 (30) 6999 (10) 28.8 (11) C10′ 9240 (70) 7280 (40)7384 (10) 25.1 (11) C11′ 8150 (50) 8320 (30) 7389 (10) 27.7 (12) C12′7800 (40) 8950 (30) 7038 (8) 25.2 (12) Cl3 2402 (2) 11538.3 (18) 5202.1(7) 50.5 (7) Cl4 −92 (2) 11848.7 (17) 5858.1 (7) 46.5 (6) O3 5450 (5)7768 (4) 8100.8 (15) 28.3 (13) O4 5625 (5) 6308 (4) 8490.3 (16) 29.6(13) C17 2638 (9) 10687 (6) 5631 (3) 33 (2) C18 1583 (8) 10786 (6) 5918(3) 28.2 (14) C19 1777 (8) 10112 (6) 6260 (2) 29 (2) C20 3126 (8) 9285(6) 6332 (2) 25.4 (19) C21 4217 (9) 9180 (7) 6046 (2) 34 (2) C22 3970(10) 9856 (7) 5698 (3) 42 (2) C29 4636 (8) 6455 (6) 7814 (2) 31 (2) C305205 (8) 5201 (6) 7761 (3) 34 (2) C31 3773 (8) 5793 (6) 7949 (2) 32 (2)C32 5281 (8) 6830 (6) 8168 (3) 27.1 (19) F2 1624 (5) 9839 (4) 7129.6(15) 39.0 (7) C23 3453 (8) 8531 (8) 6707 (3) 24.1 (10) C24 4561 (9) 7505(7) 6708 (3) 28.8 (11) C25 4940 (8) 6820 (7) 7048 (3) 28.8 (11) C26 4215(9) 7170 (7) 7430 (3) 25.1 (11) C27 3079 (9) 8172 (7) 7438 (3) 27.7 (12)C28 2730 (8) 8824 (6) 7088 (3) 25.2 (12) F2′ 1090 (30) 9100 (30) 6878(11) 39.0 (7) C23′ 3500 (30) 8600 (40) 6721 (10) 24.1 (10) C24′ 4880(30) 8030 (40) 6830 (13) 28.8 (11) C25′ 5250 (40) 7460 (40) 7200 (12)28.8 (11) C26′ 4210 (40) 7330 (50) 7467 (15) 25.1 (11) C27′ 2820 (40)7900 (40) 7354 (13) 27.7 (12) C28′ 2460 (30) 8560 (40) 7006 (11) 25.2(12) Cl5 2207 (2) 2938.1 (17) 4134.5 (7) 48.2 (6) Cl6 3732 (2) 3573.3(18) 4872.7 (7) 52.6 (7) O5 3836 (5) 7168 (4) 1909.7 (16) 30.5 (13) O62533 (5) 8609 (4) 1513.5 (16) 29.6 (13) C33 3316 (9) 4372 (7) 4430 (3)38 (2) C34 2655 (8) 4098 (6) 4101 (3) 35 (2) C35 2368 (8) 4706 (6) 3735(2) 30 (2) C36 2685 (8) 5653 (6) 3694 (2) 26.7 (19) C37 3291 (8) 5952(7) 4034 (2) 34 (2) C38 3603 (8) 5310 (7) 4394 (3) 39 (2) C45 1682 (8)8436 (6) 2205 (2) 28 (2) C46 184 (8) 9111 (6) 2074 (3) 35 (2) C47 1026(8) 9683 (6) 2265 (3) 35 (2) C48 2705 (8) 8083 (6) 1840 (3) 29 (2) F3465 (5) 5935 (4) 3121.8 (15) 39.0 (7) C39 2441 (11) 6317 (7) 3306 (2)24.1 (10) C40 3309 (9) 6903 (7) 3194 (3) 28.8 (11) C41 3058 (9) 7573 (7)2848 (3) 28.8 (11) C42 1937 (15) 7693 (9) 2582 (3) 25.1 (11) C43 1087(9) 7096 (7) 2679 (3) 27.7 (12) C44 1365 (8) 6455 (6) 3031 (3) 25.2 (12)F3′ 1770 (40) 5150 (20) 2915 (11) 39.0 (7) C39′ 2400 (60) 6390 (30) 3323(9) 24.1 (10) C40′ 2580 (70) 7420 (30) 3312 (11) 28.8 (11) C41′ 2360(60) 8070 (30) 2960 (10) 28.8 (11) C42′ 1920 (100) 7740 (50) 2592 (12)25.1 (11) C43′ 1700 (70) 6750 (30) 2596 (11) 27.7 (12) C44′ 1990 (50)6110 (30) 2948 (9) 25.2 (12) Cl7 2995 (2) 6869.3 (16) 5806.9 (6) 39.6(6) Cl8 926 (2) 6487.0 (17) 5162.0 (6) 40.9 (6) O7 1299 (5) 2785 (4)8073.2 (15) 28.7 (13) O8 2569 (5) 1363 (4) 8476.6 (16) 30.2 (13) C491497 (8) 5633 (6) 5597 (2) 28.5 (19) C50 2394 (8) 5790 (6) 5877 (2) 28(2) C51 2805 (8) 5123 (6) 6226 (2) 28 (2) C52 2331 (8) 4278 (6) 6302 (2)25.4 (19) C53 1418 (8) 4132 (6) 6009 (2) 30 (2) C54 1015 (9) 4799 (7)5665 (2) 37 (2) C61 3463 (8) 1496 (6) 7795 (2) 28 (2) C62 4975 (8) 850(6) 7928 (3) 33 (2) C63 4164 (8) 239 (6) 7761 (3) 34 (2) C64 2409 (8)1876 (6) 8147 (2) 24.1 (19) F4 3009 (5) 4916 (4) 7098.0 (15) 39.0 (7)C55 2723 (10) 3537 (8) 6673 (3) 24.1 (10) C56 2737 (9) 2469 (7) 6667 (3)28.8 (11) C57 3001 (9) 1798 (7) 7025 (3) 28.8 (11) C58 3244 (10) 2186(7) 7400 (3) 25.1 (11) C59 3251 (8) 3238 (7) 7417 (3) 27.7 (12) C60 2988(8) 3880 (6) 7058 (3) 25.2 (12) F4′ 4250 (40) 4290 (30) 6890 (11) 39.0(7) C55′ 2600 (50) 3570 (40) 6678 (10) 24.1 (10) C56′ 1870 (60) 2900(40) 6769 (12) 28.8 (11) C57′ 2070 (50) 2330 (40) 7150 (12) 28.8 (11)C58′ 3070 (70) 2330 (50) 7432 (14) 25.1 (11) C59′ 3700 (50) 3080 (40)7358 (11) 27.7 (12) C60′ 3500 (40) 3640 (30) 6983 (10) 25.2 (12) O9 4672(6) 3884 (4) 274.9 (16) 34.0 (14) N1 8035 (6) 1875 (5) 1278.0 (19) 29.7(16) N2 6609 (6) 4287 (5) 323.2 (18) 30.5 (16) C65 7595 (8) 1019 (6)1263 (2) 30 (2) C66 6623 (8) 978 (6) 984 (2) 31 (2) C67 6065 (8) 1834(6) 702 (2) 26.3 (19) C68 6508 (7) 2710 (6) 706 (2) 23.3 (19) C69 7504(7) 2693 (6) 997 (2) 22.9 (18) C70 5871 (9) 3674 (6) 417 (2) 27 (2) O1010307 (5) 6151 (4) 9738.9 (15) 27.4 (13) N3 7009 (6) 8104 (5) 8717.9(19) 29.7 (16) N4 8401 (6) 5702 (5) 9672.6 (18) 29.9 (16) C71 7426 (8)8951 (6) 8728 (2) 32 (2) C72 8362 (8) 9034 (6) 9020 (2) 30 (2) C73 8919(8) 8183 (6) 9306 (2) 30 (2) C74 8492 (7) 7287 (6) 9295 (2) 22.4 (18)C75 7535 (8) 7284 (6) 8998 (2) 26.3 (19) C76 9129 (8) 6329 (6) 9586 (2)21.9 (18) O11 5485 (6) 1032 (4) 9712.3 (15) 31.5 (13) N5 4204 (7) 3196(5) 8714.5 (19) 28.8 (16) N6 3295 (6) 1052 (5) 9808.9 (19) 31.5 (16) C772876 (9) 3959 (7) 8729 (2) 29 (2) C78 1884 (8) 3958 (6) 9027 (2) 28 (2)C79 2258 (8) 3150 (6) 9328 (2) 30 (2) C80 3651 (8) 2345 (6) 9325 (2)23.8 (19) C81 4569 (8) 2419 (6) 9011 (2) 25.6 (19) C82 4199 (9) 1414 (6)9630 (2) 27 (2) O12 10518 (6) 990 (4) 9704.9 (15) 31.6 (13) N7 9327 (7)3119 (5) 8695.5 (19) 29.8 (16) N8 8281 (6) 1072 (5) 9802.5 (18) 30.4(16) C83 8011 (9) 3917 (6) 8705 (2) 30 (2) C84 7012 (8) 3947 (6) 9005(2) 31 (2) C85 7351 (8) 3146 (6) 9313 (2) 28 (2) C86 8711 (8) 2333 (6)9309 (2) 24.7 (19) C87 9655 (8) 2349 (6) 8995 (2) 26.0 (19) C88 9240 (9)1415 (6) 9624 (2) 26.1 (19)

TABLE A3 Anisotropic Displacement Parameters (Å² × 10³) forCSPNCT-supercell. The Anisotropic displacement factor exponent takes theform: −2π²[h²a*²U₁₁ + 2hka*b*U₁₂ + . . .]. Atom U₁₁ U₂₂ U₃₃ U₂₃ U₁₃ U₁₂Cl1 51.6 (15) 36.7 (13) 46.9 (14) 20.4 (11) −3.7 (11) −14.3 (11) Cl234.5 (13) 27.1 (11) 48.2 (13) 12.4 (10) −9.2 (10) −6.3 (10) O1 33 (4) 21(3) 35 (3) 5 (2) −10 (3) −10 (3) O2 36 (4) 23 (3) 31 (3) 15 (3) −7 (3)−7 (3) C1 38 (6) 24 (5) 35 (5) 1 (4) −1 (4) −12 (5) C2 27 (4) 10 (3) 46(4) 4 (3) −21 (3) −4 (3) C3 24 (5) 22 (5) 35 (5) 14 (4) −12 (4) −8 (4)C4 32 (5) 23 (5) 26 (5) 0 (4) −4 (4) −17 (4) C5 33 (5) 25 (5) 43 (6) 9(4) −10 (4) −15 (4) C6 34 (6) 38 (6) 46 (6) 19 (5) 1 (4) −13 (5) C13 25(5) 16 (4) 45 (5) 11 (4) −8 (4) −4 (4) C14 43 (6) 28 (5) 44 (6) 5 (4) −6(4) −13 (4) C15 42 (6) 28 (5) 51 (6) 9 (4) 6 (4) −17 (5) C16 22 (5) 25(5) 36 (5) −1 (4) 6 (4) −10 (4) F1 38.4 (18) 28.8 (15) 49.9 (17) 13.8(12) −2.5 (12) −13.2 (13) C7 24 (2) 21 (2) 29 (2) −0.4 (18) −2.1 (18)−9.8 (19) C8 24 (3) 20 (3) 40 (3) 3 (2) 0 (2) −6 (2) C9 16 (3) 22 (3) 43(3) 14 (2) −4 (2) −1 (2) C10 21 (3) 22 (2) 31 (2) 5.0 (19) −4.5 (18) −6(2) C11 20 (3) 25 (3) 38 (3) 10 (2) −5 (2) −9 (2) C12 14 (3) 9 (2) 51(3) 5 (2) 0 (2) −3 (2) F1′ 38.4 (18) 28.8 (15) 49.9 (17) 13.8 (12) −2.5(12) −13.2 (13) C7′ 24 (2) 21 (2) 29 (2) −0.4 (18) −2.1 (18) −9.8 (19)C8′ 24 (3) 20 (3) 40 (3) 3 (2) 0 (2) −6 (2) C9′ 16 (3) 22 (3) 43 (3) 14(2) −4 (2) −1 (2) C10′ 21 (3) 22 (2) 31 (2) 5.0 (19) −4.5 (18) −6 (2)C11′ 20 (3) 25 (3) 38 (3) 10 (2) −5 (2) −9 (2) C12′ 14 (3) 9 (2) 51 (3)5 (2) 0 (2) −3 (2) Cl3 63.3 (17) 37.7 (13) 53.8 (15) 24.9 (11) −16.8(12) −22.4 (12) Cl4 36.2 (14) 28.1 (12) 71.8 (16) 14.0 (11) −22.0 (11)−7.6 (10) O3 36 (4) 23 (3) 30 (3) 11 (2) −14 (2) −14 (3) O4 30 (3) 26(3) 33 (3) 8 (3) −7 (3) −11 (3) C17 41 (6) 11 (4) 47 (6) 12 (4) −19 (5)−9 (4) C18 27 (4) 10 (3) 46 (4) 4 (3) −21 (3) −4 (3) C19 22 (5) 24 (5)42 (5) −1 (4) −9 (4) −8 (4) C20 25 (5) 24 (5) 28 (5) 3 (4) −10 (4) −10(4) C21 33 (5) 28 (5) 44 (5) 12 (4) −3 (4) −14 (4) C22 53 (7) 35 (5) 37(6) 9 (5) 9 (5) −17 (5) C29 30 (5) 25 (5) 36 (5) 6 (4) −4 (4) −10 (4)C30 40 (6) 14 (4) 49 (6) 1 (4) −3 (4) −11 (4) C31 38 (6) 27 (5) 39 (5) 1(4) −3 (4) −20 (4) C32 29 (5) 12 (4) 37 (5) 5 (4) 0 (4) −4 (4) F2 38.4(18) 28.8 (15) 49.9 (17) 13.8 (12) −2.5 (12) −13.2 (13) C23 24 (2) 21(2) 29 (2) −0.4 (18) −2.1 (18) −9.8 (19) C24 24 (3) 20 (3) 40 (3) 3 (2)0 (2) −6 (2) C25 16 (3) 22 (3) 43 (3) 14 (2) −4 (2) −1 (2) C26 21 (3) 22(2) 31 (2) 5.0 (19) −4.5 (18) −6 (2) C27 20 (3) 25 (3) 38 (3) 10 (2) −5(2) −9 (2) C28 14 (3) 9 (2) 51 (3) 5 (2) 0 (2) −3 (2) F2′ 38.4 (18) 28.8(15) 49.9 (17) 13.8 (12) −2.5 (12) −13.2 (13) C23′ 24 (2) 21 (2) 29 (2)−0.4 (18) −2.1 (18) −9.8 (19) C24′ 24 (3) 20 (3) 40 (3) 3 (2) 0 (2) −6(2) C25′ 16 (3) 22 (3) 43 (3) 14 (2) −4 (2) −1 (2) C26′ 21 (3) 22 (2) 31(2) 5.0 (19) −4.5 (18) −6 (2) C27′ 20 (3) 25 (3) 38 (3) 10 (2) −5 (2) −9(2) C28′ 14 (3) 9 (2) 51 (3) 5 (2) 0 (2) −3 (2) Cl5 52.8 (15) 25.2 (12)68.9 (16) 9.5 (11) 9.1 (12) −18.0 (11) Cl6 58.9 (16) 38.6 (13) 52.5 (15)25.2 (11) −3.8 (12) −10.4 (12) O5 35 (4) 18 (3) 36 (3) 10 (3) 2 (3) −7(3) O6 29 (3) 22 (3) 34 (3) 14 (3) −6 (3) −6 (3) C33 38 (6) 32 (5) 37(6) 16 (4) 4 (4) −8 (5) C34 28 (5) 13 (4) 55 (6) 9 (4) 14 (4) 0 (4) C3530 (5) 23 (5) 37 (5) 5 (4) 3 (4) −10 (4) C36 29 (5) 20 (4) 26 (5) 3 (4)3 (4) −5 (4) C37 39 (6) 26 (5) 37 (5) 2 (4) 0 (4) −14 (4) C38 38 (6) 35(5) 40 (6) 10 (5) −8 (4) −8 (4) C45 15 (5) 21 (5) 40 (5) 10 (4) 0 (4) 0(4) C46 36 (6) 27 (5) 40 (5) 7 (4) −7 (4) −11 (4) C47 33 (5) 20 (5) 52(6) 1 (4) 3 (4) −11 (4) C48 34 (6) 13 (5) 39 (6) 6 (4) −12 (4) −7 (4) F338.4 (18) 28.8 (15) 49.9 (17) 13.8 (12) −2.5 (12) −13.2 (13) C39 24 (2)21 (2) 29 (2) −0.4 (18) −2.1 (18) −9.8 (19) C40 24 (3) 20 (3) 40 (3) 3(2) 0 (2) −6 (2) C41 16 (3) 22 (3) 43 (3) 14 (2) −4 (2) −1 (2) C42 21(3) 22 (2) 31 (2) 5.0 (19) −4.5 (18) −6 (2) C43 20 (3) 25 (3) 38 (3) 10(2) −5 (2) −9 (2) C44 14 (3) 9 (2) 51 (3) 5 (2) 0 (2) −3 (2) F3′ 38.4(18) 28.8 (15) 49.9 (17) 13.8 (12) −2.5 (12) −13.2 (13) C39′ 24 (2) 21(2) 29 (2) −0.4 (18) −2.1 (18) −9.8 (19) C40′ 24 (3) 20 (3) 40 (3) 3 (2)0 (2) −6 (2) C41′ 16 (3) 22 (3) 43 (3) 14 (2) −4 (2) −1 (2) C42′ 21 (3)22 (2) 31 (2) 5.0 (19) −4.5 (18) −6 (2) C43′ 20 (3) 25 (3) 38 (3) 10 (2)−5 (2) −9 (2) C44′ 14 (3) 9 (2) 51 (3) 5 (2) 0 (2) −3 (2) Cl7 43.9 (14)30.2 (12) 48.1 (13) 18.1 (10) −4.7 (10) −18.0 (10) Cl8 46.0 (15) 35.1(12) 39.0 (13) 15.8 (10) −9.0 (10) −12.7 (11) O7 27 (4) 21 (3) 34 (3) 3(3) 1 (2) −4 (3) O8 35 (3) 20 (3) 34 (3) 7 (3) 0 (3) −9 (3) C49 21 (5)28 (5) 32 (5) 10 (4) −2 (4) −4 (4) C50 24 (5) 18 (4) 42 (5) 10 (4) 8 (4)−8 (4) C51 33 (5) 18 (4) 30 (5) 3 (4) 2 (4) −6 (4) C52 22 (5) 29 (5) 27(5) 7 (4) −1 (4) −12 (4) C53 34 (5) 25 (5) 34 (5) 4 (4) −5 (4) −13 (4)C54 45 (6) 40 (5) 33 (5) 1 (4) −11 (4) −23 (5) C61 30 (5) 23 (5) 34 (5)11 (4) −16 (4) −12 (4) C62 24 (5) 24 (5) 50 (6) 6 (4) 4 (4) −7 (4) C6335 (5) 19 (5) 43 (5) 11 (4) −3 (4) −5 (4) C64 27 (5) 16 (5) 31 (5) 6 (4)−4 (4) −10 (4) F4 38.4 (18) 28.8 (15) 49.9 (17) 13.8 (12) −2.5 (12)−13.2 (13) C55 24 (2) 21 (2) 29 (2) −0.4 (18) −2.1 (18) −9.8 (19) C56 24(3) 20 (3) 40 (3) 3 (2) 0 (2) −6 (2) C57 16 (3) 22 (3) 43 (3) 14 (2) −4(2) −1 (2) C58 21 (3) 22 (2) 31 (2) 5.0 (19) −4.5 (18) −6 (2) C59 20 (3)25 (3) 38 (3) 10 (2) −5 (2) −9 (2) C60 14 (3) 9 (2) 51 (3) 5 (2) 0 (2)−3 (2) F4′ 38.4 (18) 28.8 (15) 49.9 (17) 13.8 (12) −2.5 (12) −13.2 (13)C55′ 24 (2) 21 (2) 29 (2) −0.4 (18) −2.1 (18) −9.8 (19) C56′ 24 (3) 20(3) 40 (3) 3 (2) 0 (2) −6 (2) C57′ 16 (3) 22 (3) 43 (3) 14 (2) −4 (2) −1(2) C58′ 21 (3) 22 (2) 31 (2) 5.0 (19) −4.5 (18) −6 (2) C59′ 20 (3) 25(3) 38 (3) 10 (2) −5 (2) −9 (2) C60′ 14 (3) 9 (2) 51 (3) 5 (2) 0 (2) −3(2) O9 27 (4) 35 (3) 44 (4) 20 (3) −13 (3) −16 (3) N1 32 (4) 28 (4) 30(4) 10 (3) −7 (3) −11 (3) N2 31 (4) 30 (4) 32 (4) 18 (3) −15 (3) −13 (3)C65 27 (5) 28 (5) 32 (5) 3 (4) −3 (4) −6 (4) C66 35 (5) 17 (4) 42 (5) 7(4) −4 (4) −11 (4) C67 26 (5) 24 (5) 29 (5) 1 (4) −4 (4) −9 (4) C68 21(5) 24 (5) 23 (5) 8 (4) −1 (4) −6 (4) C69 18 (5) 20 (4) 29 (5) 10 (4) 0(4) −6 (4) C70 34 (6) 30 (5) 25 (5) 4 (4) −1 (4) −21 (5) O10 27 (4) 28(3) 29 (3) 14 (2) −10 (3) −12 (3) N3 24 (4) 25 (4) 37 (4) 7 (3) −5 (3)−7 (3) N4 28 (4) 29 (4) 36 (4) 19 (3) −16 (3) −13 (3) C71 34 (5) 21 (5)37 (5) 11 (4) −4 (4) −7 (4) C72 35 (5) 19 (4) 37 (5) 6 (4) −5 (4) −12(4) C73 24 (5) 29 (5) 37 (5) 3 (4) −3 (4) −12 (4) C74 19 (5) 17 (4) 28(5) 0 (4) 1 (4) −4 (4) C75 28 (5) 21 (4) 30 (5) 11 (4) 0 (4) −10 (4) C7627 (5) 21 (4) 16 (4) −1 (3) −2 (4) −6 (4) O11 24 (4) 39 (3) 32 (3) 18(3) −7 (3) −13 (3) N5 29 (5) 17 (4) 38 (4) 11 (3) −4 (3) −6 (4) N6 20(4) 35 (4) 38 (4) 17 (3) −8 (3) −9 (3) C77 34 (6) 25 (5) 32 (5) 6 (4) −5(4) −14 (5) C78 25 (5) 19 (4) 33 (5) 3 (4) −12 (4) 1 (4) C79 25 (6) 31(5) 33 (5) −5 (4) 0 (4) −10 (5) C80 29 (6) 24 (5) 20 (4) 4 (4) −9 (4)−11 (4) C81 24 (5) 24 (5) 34 (5) 8 (4) −4 (4) −15 (4) C82 26 (6) 33 (5)25 (5) 4 (4) −1 (4) −14 (5) O12 21 (4) 36 (3) 38 (3) 21 (3) −9 (3) −11(3) N7 32 (5) 25 (4) 30 (4) 3 (3) −3 (3) −9 (4) N8 21 (4) 32 (4) 35 (4)25 (3) −9 (3) −7 (3) C83 37 (6) 18 (5) 38 (5) 3 (4) −3 (4) −12 (5) C8418 (5) 22 (5) 49 (6) 3 (4) −4 (4) −3 (4) C85 30 (6) 22 (5) 30 (5) 4 (4)−6 (4) −9 (4) C86 23 (5) 17 (4) 31 (5) 6 (4) −8 (4) −5 (4) C87 25 (5) 29(5) 22 (5) 6 (4) −4 (4) −8 (4) C88 23 (6) 31 (5) 24 (5) 7 (4) −1 (4) −11(4)

TABLE A4 Bond Lengths for CSPNCT-supercell. Atom Atom Length/Å Atom AtomLength/Å Cl1 C1 1.734 (8) F3 C44 1.363 (8) Cl2 C2 1.736 (8) C39 C401.417 (11) O1 C16 1.336 (9) C39 C44 1.382 (11) O2 C16 1.216 (9) C40 C411.376 (11) C1 C2 1.395 (11) C41 C42 1.404 (12) C1 C6 1.364 (11) C42 C431.402 (12) C2 C3 1.376 (10) C43 C44 1.371 (10) C3 C4 1.385 (10) F3′ C44′1.36 (2) C4 C5 1.410 (10) C39′ C40′ 1.42 (2) C4 C7 1.475 (10) C39′ C44′1.38 (2) C4 C7′ 1.499 (19) C40′ C41′ 1.38 (2) C5 C6 1.374 (11) C41′ C42′1.40 (2) C13 C14 1.524 (11) C42′ C43′ 1.40 (2) C13 C15 1.520 (10) C43′C44′ 1.37 (2) C13 C16 1.495 (11) Cl7 C50 1.750 (7) C13 C10 1.512 (10)Cl8 C49 1.745 (8) C13 C10′ 1.503 (19) O7 C64 1.311 (8) C14 C15 1.496(11) O8 C64 1.227 (8) F1 C12 1.388 (9) C49 C50 1.370 (11) C7 C8 1.408(11) C49 C54 1.370 (10) C7 C12 1.392 (10) C50 C51 1.382 (10) C8 C9 1.376(11) C51 C52 1.383 (10) C9 C10 1.404 (12) C52 C53 1.402 (10) C10 C111.388 (12) C52 C55 1.490 (10) C11 C12 1.352 (10) C52 C55′ 1.479 (19) F1′C12′ 1.37 (2) C53 C54 1.372 (11) C7′ C8′ 1.41 (2) C61 C62 1.517 (10) C7′C12′ 1.40 (2) C61 C63 1.516 (10) C8′ C9′ 1.38 (2) C61 C64 1.491 (10) C9′C10′ 1.40 (2) C61 C58 1.520 (10) C10′ C11′ 1.38 (2) C61 C58′ 1.534 (19)C11′ C12′ 1.36 (2) C62 C63 1.464 (11) Cl3 C17 1.725 (8) F4 C60 1.364 (8)Cl4 C18 1.751 (8) C55 C56 1.384 (11) O3 C32 1.314 (8) C55 C60 1.383 (11)O4 C32 1.218 (8) C56 C57 1.406 (11) C17 C18 1.369 (11) C57 C58 1.371(12) C17 C22 1.395 (11) C58 C59 1.375 (11) C18 C19 1.372 (10) C59 C601.389 (10) C19 C20 1.407 (10) F4′ C60′ 1.37 (2) C20 C21 1.394 (10) C55′C56′ 1.38 (2) C20 C23 1.510 (10) C55′ C60′ 1.39 (2) C20 C23′ 1.503 (19)C56′ C57′ 1.40 (2) C21 C22 1.383 (11) C57′ C58′ 1.38 (2) C29 C30 1.516(10) C58′ C59′ 1.38 (2) C29 C31 1.511 (10) C59′ C60′ 1.39 (2) C29 C321.498 (11) O9 C70 1.246 (8) C29 C26 1.507 (10) N1 C65 1.355 (9) C29 C26′1.54 (2) N1 C69 1.344 (9) C30 C31 1.482 (10) N2 C70 1.323 (9) F2 C281.373 (8) C65 C66 1.369 (10) C23 C24 1.378 (11) C66 C67 1.381 (10) C23C28 1.388 (11) C67 C68 1.380 (10) C24 C25 1.371 (11) C68 C69 1.391 (10)C25 C26 1.400 (11) C68 C70 1.497 (10) C26 C27 1.372 (11) O10 C76 1.248(8) C27 C28 1.374 (10) N3 C71 1.328 (9) F2′ C28′ 1.38 (2) N3 C75 1.344(9) C23′ C24′ 1.37 (2) N4 C76 1.326 (9) C23′ C28′ 1.40 (2) C71 C72 1.387(11) C24′ C25′ 1.38 (2) C72 C73 1.387 (10) C25′ C26′ 1.41 (2) C73 C741.396 (10) C26′ C27′ 1.38 (2) C74 C75 1.381 (10) C27′ C28′ 1.37 (2) C74C76 1.496 (10) Cl5 C34 1.742 (8) O11 C82 1.247 (8) Cl6 C33 1.718 (8) N5C77 1.338 (9) O5 C48 1.323 (9) N5 C81 1.336 (9) O6 C48 1.228 (8) N6 C821.310 (9) C33 C34 1.384 (12) C77 C78 1.378 (10) C33 C38 1.367 (11) C78C79 1.371 (10) C34 C35 1.385 (11) C79 C80 1.405 (10) C35 C36 1.397 (10)C80 C81 1.389 (10) C36 C37 1.395 (11) C80 C82 1.494 (10) C36 C39 1.481(10) O12 C88 1.240 (8) C36 C39′ 1.485 (19) N7 C83 1.345 (9) C37 C381.392 (11) N7 C87 1.338 (9) C45 C46 1.510 (10) N8 C88 1.342 (9) C45 C471.509 (10) C83 C84 1.376 (10) C45 C48 1.501 (11) C84 C85 1.383 (10) C45C42 1.506 (10) C85 C86 1.385 (10) C45 C42′ 1.498 (19) C86 C87 1.385 (10)C46 C47 1.480 (11) C86 C88 1.502 (10)

TABLE A5 Bond Angles for CSPNCT-supercell. Atom Atom Atom Angle/° C2 C1Cl1 119.8(6) C6 C1 Cl1 120.9(6) C6 C1 C2 119.4(7) C1 C2 Cl2 120.8(6) C3C2 Cl2 119.2(6) C3 C2 C1 119.9(7) C2 C3 C4 121.8(7) C3 C4 C5 116.8(7) C3C4 C7 123.8(7) C3 C4 C7′ 123.1(15) C5 C4 C7 119.4(7) C5 C4 C7′ 118.5(14)C6 C5 C4 121.5(8) C1 C6 C5 120.5(8) C15 C13 C14  58.9(5) C16 C13 C14112.1(6) C16 C13 C15 113.7(7) C16 C13 C10 120.3(8) C16 C13 C10′   123(3)C10 C13 C14 118.0(7) C10 C13 C15 118.8(8) C10′ C13 C14   114(2) C10′ C13C15   118(4) C15 C14 C13  60.4(5) C14 C15 C13  60.7(5) O1 C16 C13112.5(7) O2 C16 O1 123.7(7) O2 C16 C13 123.8(7) C8 C7 C4 122.1(7) C12 C7C4 124.9(7) C12 C7 C8 112.8(7) C9 C8 C7 122.8(8) C8 C9 C10 121.1(8) C9C10 C13 120.8(8) C11 C10 C13 121.9(8) C11 C10 C9 117.3(7) C12 C11 C10119.3(8) F1 C12 C7 116.7(7) C11 C12 F1 116.7(7) C11 C12 C7 126.6(8) C8′C7′ C4   123(2) C12′ C7′ C4   122(2) C12′ C7′ C8′ 110.5(19) C9′ C8′ C7′  127(2) C8′ C9′ C10′   118(2) C9′ C10′ C13   123(2) C11′ C10′ C13  119(2) C11′ C10′ C9′   118(2) C12′ C11′ C10′   121(2) F1′ C12′ C7′  120(2) C11′ C12′ F1′   113(2) C11′ C12′ C7′   126(2) C18 C17 Cl3123.5(6) C18 C17 C22 117.3(7) C22 C17 Cl3 119.2(7) C17 C18 CIl 119.1(6)C17 C18 C19 123.3(7) C19 C18 Cl4 117.6(7) C18 C19 C20 119.5(7) C19 C20C23 123.3(7) C19 C20 C23′ 123.7(14) C21 C20 C19 118.0(7) C21 C20 C23118.7(7) C21 C20 C23′ 117.9(13) C22 C21 C20 120.8(8) C21 C22 C17121.1(8) C30 C29 C26′   127(3) C31 C29 C30  58.6(5) C31 C29 C26′  124(2) C32 C29 C30 113.6(7) C32 C29 C31 113.9(7) C32 C29 C26 119.1(7)C32 C29 C26′   111(3) C26 C29 C30 118.4(7) C26 C29 C31 119.0(7) C31 C30C29  60.5(5) C30 C31 C29  60.9(5) O3 C32 C29 114.5(7) O4 C32 O3 122.6(7)O4 C32 C29 122.9(7) C24 C23 C20 122.4(7) C24 C23 C28 113.7(7) C28 C23C20 123.7(7) C25 C24 C23 124.3(8) C24 C25 C26 119.8(8) C25 C26 C29121.3(8) C27 C26 C29 121.3(8) C27 C26 C25 117.4(7) C26 C27 C28 120.4(8)F2 C28 C23 119.3(7) F2 C28 C27 116.5(7) C27 C28 C23 124.1(7) C24′ C23′C20   121(2) C24′ C23′ C28′ 116.3(18) C28′ C23′ C20   122(2) C23′ C24′C25′   123(2) C24′ C25′ C26′   121(2) C25′ C26′ C29   120(2) C27′ C26′C29   123(2) C27′ C26′ C25′ 116.0(19) C28′ C27′ C26′   122(2) F2′ C28′C23′   114(2) C27′ C28′ F2′   123(2) C27′ C28′ C23′   121(2) C34 C33 Cl6121.2(7) C38 C33 Cl6 121.0(7) C38 C33 C34 117.8(7) C33 C34 Cl5 120.0(6)C33 C34 C35 121.9(7) C35 C34 Cl5 118.0(7) C34 C35 C36 120.4(8) C35 C36C39 122.9(7) C35 C36 C39′ 125.9(14) C37 C36 C35 117.2(7) C37 C36 C39119.8(7) C37 C36 C39′ 116.9(14) C38 C37 C36 121.1(8) C33 C38 C37121.4(8) C47 C45 C46  58.7(5) C48 C45 C46 112.3(7) C48 C45 C47 112.9(6)C48 C45 C42 119.3(8) C42 C45 C46 119.9(8) C42 C45 C47 119.3(8) C42′ C45C46   119(4) C42′ C45 C47   117(3) C42′ C45 C48   121(4) C47 C46 C45 60.6(5) C46 C47 C45  60.7(5) O5 C48 C45 113.5(7) O6 C48 O5 123.1(7) O6C48 C45 123.4(7) C40 C39 C36 120.9(7) C44 C39 C36 124.9(7) C44 C39 C40114.1(7) C41 C40 C39 122.0(8) C40 C41 C42 121.5(8) C41 C42 C45 120.3(8)C43 C42 C45 122.1(8) C43 C42 C41 117.6(7) C44 C43 C42 118.7(8) F3 C44C39 117.6(7) F3 C44 C43 116.3(7) C43 C44 C39 126.0(7) C40′ C39′ C36  124(2) C44′ C39′ C36   122(2) C44′ C39′ C40′ 113.5(18) C41′ C40′ C39′  123(2) C40′ C41′ C42′   120(2) C41′ C42′ C45   121(2) C43′ C42′ C45  121(2) C43′ C42′ C41′ 117.8(18) C44′ C43′ C42′   120(2) F3′ C44′ C39′  120(2) F3′ C44′ C43′   115(2) C43′ C44′ C39′   125(2) C50 C49 Cl8121.6(6) C54 C49 Cl8 119.3(6) C54 C49 C50 119.0(7) C49 C50 Cl7 120.2(6)C49 C50 C51 120.8(7) C51 C50 Cl7 119.0(6) C50 C51 C52 121.3(7) C51 C52C53 116.8(7) C51 C52 C55 124.0(7) C51 C52 C55′ 126.5(14) C53 C52 C55119.2(7) C53 C52 C55′ 116.5(13) C54 C53 C52 121.4(7) C49 C54 C53120.7(7) C62 C61 C58 117.8(7) C62 C61 C58′   124(2) C63 C61 C62  57.7(5)C63 C61 C58 119.0(7) C63 C61 C58′   127(3) C64 C61 C62 114.2(6) C64 C61C63 112.7(6) C64 C61 C58 120.1(7) C64 C61 C58′   112(3) C63 C62 C61 61.1(5) C62 C63 C61  61.2(5) O7 C64 C61 114.6(7) O8 C64 O7 123.3(7) OC64 C61 122.2(7) C56 C55 C52 122.2(7) C60 C55 C52 123.3(7) C60 C55 C56114.4(7) C55 C56 C57 122.4(8) C58 C57 C56 120.7(8) C57 C58 C61 121.7(8)C57 C58 C59 118.6(7) C59 C58 C61 119.7(8) C58 C59 C60 119.2(8) F4 C60C55 119.2(7) F4 C60 C59 116.1(7) C55 C60 C59 124.7(7) C56′ C55′ C52  123(2) C56′ C55′ C60′ 115.9(18) C60′ C55′ C52   121(2) C55′ C56′ C57′  120(2) C58′ C57′ C56′   123(2) C57′ C58′ C61   121(2) C57′ C58′ C59′116.0(19) C59′ C58′ C61   123(2) C58′ C59′ C60′   120(2) F4′ C60′ C55′  116(2) F4′ C60′ C59′   120(2) C55′ C60′ C59′   124(2) C69 N1 C65117.4(6) N1 C65 C66 122.7(7) C65 C66 C67 119.4(7) C68 C67 C66 119.2(7)C67 C68 C69 118.2(7) C67 C68 C70 120.3(7) C69 C68 C70 121.4(7) N1 C69C68 123.1(7) O9 C70 N2 121.8(7) O9 C70 C68 119.9(6) N2 C70 C68 118.3(7)C71 N3 C75 118.5(7) N3 C71 C72 122.8(7) C71 C72 C73 118.8(7) C72 C73 C74118.7(7) C73 C74 C76 119.8(7) C75 C74 C73 118.5(7) C75 C74 C76 121.5(6)N3 C75 C74 122.7(7) O10 C76 N4 122.5(7) O10 C76 C74 119.6(6) N4 C76 C74117.9(7) C81 N5 C77 117.2(7) N5 C77 C78 123.1(7) C79 C78 C77 119.5(7)C78 C79 C80 118.9(7) C79 C80 C82 124.6(7) C81 C80 C79 117.2(7) C81 C80C82 118.2(7) N5 C81 C80 124.1(7) O11 C82 N6 122.7(7) O11 C82 C80119.0(7) N6 C82 C80 118.3(8) C87 N7 C83 117.6(7) N7 C83 C84 122.3(7) C83C84 C85 120.0(7) C84 C85 C86 118.0(7) C85 C86 C88 124.2(7) C87 C86 C85118.7(7) C87 C86 C88 117.1(7) N7 C87 C86 123.4(7) O12 C88 N8 122.5(7)O12 C88 C86 120.3(7) N8 C88 C86 117.2(7)

TABLE A6 Torsion Angles for CSPNCT-supercell. A B C D Angle/° Cl1 C1 C2Cl2   4.0(9) Cl1 C1 C2 C3 −177.0(6) Cl1 C1 C6 C5  178.3(6) Cl2 C2 C3 C4 177.5(5) C1 C2 C3 C4  −1.5(11) C2 C1 C6 C5  −0.3(12) C2 C3 C4 C5 −0.1(10) C2 C3 C4 C7  177.6(7) C2 C3 C4 C7′   −165(2) C3 C4 C5 C6  1.5(11) C3 C4 C7 C8 −154.5(7) C3 C4 C7 C12  31.7(12) C3 C4 C7′ C8′ 166.9(16) C3 C4 C7′ C12′   −39(5) C4 C5 C6 C1  −1.3(12) C4 C7 C8 C9−172.9(8) C4 C7 C12 F1  −5.1(12) C4 C7 C12 C11  175.6(8) C4 C7′ C8′ C9′  160(5) C4 C7′ C12′ F1′    27(6) C4 C7′ C12′ C11′   −165(5) C5 C4 C7 C8 23.2(11) C5 C4 C7 C12 −150.7(8) C5 C4 C7′ C8′    2(3) C5 C4 C7′ C12′  156(3) C6 C1 C2 Cl2 −177.3(6) C6 C1 C2 C3   1.7(11) C13 C10 C11 C12−177.5(8) C13 C10′ C11′ C12′   −178(6) C14 C13 C16 O1  145.2(6) C14 C13C16 O2  −34.7(10) C14 C13 C10 C9  −70.5(13) C14 C13 C10 C11  109.4(11)C14 C13 C10′ C9′   −25(7) C14 C13 C10′ C11′   148(4) C15 C13 C16 O1−150.3(6) C15 C13 C16 O2  29.8(11) C15 C13 C10 C9 −138.4(10) C15 C13 C10C11  41.4(14) C15 C13 C10′ C9′   −91(6) C15 C13 C10′ C11′    82(6) C16C13 C14 C15  105.1(7) C16 C13 C15 C14 −102.5(7) C16 C13 C10 C9  73.2(12)C16 C13 C10 C11 −107.0(12) C16 C13 C10′ C9′   116(5) C16 C13 C10′ C11′  −70(6) C7 C4 C5 C6 −176.4(7) C7 C8 C9 C10  −2.4(14) C8 C7 C12 F1−179.5(7) C8 C7 C12 C11   1.2(13) C8 C9 C10 C13 −179.8(8) C8 C9 C10 C11  0.3(16) C9 C10 C11 C12   2.4(16) C10 C13 C14 C15 −108.4(9) C10 C13 C15C14  107.1(8) C10 C13 C16 O1  −0.4(10) C10 C13 C16 O2  179.7(7) C10 C11C12 F1  177.4(9) C10 C11 C12 C7  −3.3(15) C12 C7 C8 C9   1.6(12) C7′ C4C5 C6   167(2) C7′ C8′ C9′ C10′    −1(5) C8′ C7′ C12′ F1′   −176(2) C8′C7′ C12′ C11′    −8(4) C8′ C9′ C10′ C13   174(6) C8′ C9′ C10′ C11′   1(6) C9′ C10′ C11′ C12′    −4(7) C10′ C13 C14 C15   −109(3) C10′ C13C15 C14  102.5(18) C10′ C13 C16 O1    3(2) C10′ C13 C16 O2   −177(2)C10′ C11′ C12′ F1′   177(4) C10′ C11′ C12′ C7′    9(7) C12′ C7′ C8′ C9′   4(3) Cl3 C17 C18 Cl4  −1.6(9) Cl3 C17 C18 C19 −179.6(6) Cl3 C17 C22C21  177.7(6) Cl4 C18 C19 C20 −176.7(5) C17 C18 C19 C20   1.3(11) C18C17 C22 C21  −1.7(12) C18 C19 C20 C21  −0.6(10) C18 C19 C20 C23 177.8(7) C18 C19 C20 C23′   172(3) C19 C20 C21 C22  −1.2(11) C19 C20C23 C24  156.3(8) C19 C20 C23 C28  −27.5(13) C19 C20 C23′ C24′−161.9(14) C19 C20 C23′ C28′    13(6) C20 C21 C22 C17   2.4(12) C20 C23C24 C25  176.5(8) C20 C23 C28 F2   2.1(13) C20 C23 C28 C27 −175.7(8) C20C23′ C24′ C25′   175(6) C20 C23′ C28′ F2′    7(7) C20 C23′ C28′ C27′  178(5) C21 C20 C23 C24  −25.3(13) C21 C20 C23 C28  150.9(8) C21 C20C23′ C24′    11(3) C21 C20 C23′ C28′   −174(4) C22 C17 C18 Cl4  177.8(6)C22 C17 C18 C19  −0.2(11) C29 C26 C27 C28  178.5(8) C29 C26′ C27′ C28′  −170(6) C30 C29 C32 O3  145.3(7) C30 C29 C32 O4  −34.6(10) C30 C29 C26C25  −33.7(12) C30 C29 C26 C27  144.2(9) C30 C29 C26′ C25′   −70(6) C30C29 C26′ C27′    99(5) C31 C29 C32 O3 −150.1(6) C31 C29 C32 O4  30.1(11)C31 C29 C26 C25 −101.6(10) C31 C29 C26 C27  76.3(11) C31 C29 C26′ C25′  −144(4) C31 C29 C26′ C27′    25(7) C32 C29 C30 C31  104.6(7) C32 C29C31 C30 −104.0(7) C32 C29 C26 C25  111.4(10) C32 C29 C26 C27  −70.6(11)C32 C29 C26′ C25′    75(5) C32 C29 C26′ C27′   −116(5) C23 C20 C21 C22−179.7(8) C23 C24 C25 C26  −2.5(14) C24 C23 C28 F2  178.5(8) C24 C23 C28C27   0.8(13) C24 C25 C26 C29 −177.8(8) C24 C25 C26 C27   4.2(13) C25C26 C27 C28  −3.5(13) C26 C29 C30 C31 −108.4(8) C26 C29 C31 C30 107.4(8) C26 C29 C32 O3  −1.5(10) C26 C29 C32 O4  178.7(7) C26 C27 C28F2 −176.8(8) C26 C27 C28 C23   1.1(14) C28 C23 C24 C25   0.0(14) C23′C20 C21 C22   −175(3) C23′ C24′ C25′ C26′    7(6) C24′ C23′ C28′ F2′  −178(2) C24′ C23′ C28′ C27′    −6(5) C24′ C25′ C26′ C29   164(5) C24′C25′ C26′ C27′    −7(7) C25′ C26′ C27′ C28′    0(8) C26′ C29 C30 C31  −111(2) C26′ C29 C31 C30   116(3) C26′ C29 C32 O3  −4.8(18) C26′ C29C32 O4  175.4(17) C26′ C27′ C28′ F2′   178(4) C26′ C27′ C28′ C23′   7(8) C28′ C23′ C24′ C25′    −1(3) Cl5 C34 C35 C36  179.0(6) Cl6 C33C34 Cl5   1.0(10) Cl6 C33 C34 C35 −177.2(6) Cl6 C33 C38 C37  178.9(6)C33 C34 C35 C36  −2.8(12) C34 C33 C38 C37  −2.3(12) C34 C35 C36 C37 −0.2(11) C34 C35 C36 C39  178.2(8) C34 C35 C36 C39′   −179(3) C35 C36C37 C38   1.9(11) C35 C36 C39 C40 −150.2(9) C35 C36 C39 C44  31.7(14)C35 C36 C39′ C40′  171.8(15) C35 C36 C39′ C44′   −11(7) C36 C37 C38 C33 −0.6(12) C36 C39 C40 C41 −176.5(8) C36 C39 C44 F3  −0.4(14) C36 C39 C44C43  177.5(8) C36 C39′ C40′ C41′   178(6) C36 C39′ C44′ F3′    3(7) C36C39′ C44′ C43′   179(6) C37 C36 C39 C40  28.2(14) C37 C36 C39 C44−150.0(9) C37 C36 C39′ C40′    −7(4) C37 C36 C39′ C44′   171(4) C38 C33C34 Cl5 −177.9(6) C38 C33 C34 C35   4.0(12) C45 C42 C43 C44 −178.7(9)C45 C42′ C43′ C44′   177(7) C46 C45 C48 O5 −154.3(6) C46 C45 C48 O6 27.9(10) C46 C45 C42 C41 −143.4(10) C46 C45 C42 C43  37.0(15) C46 C45C42′ C41′   −106(6) C46 C45 C42′ C43′    75(7) C47 C45 C48 O5  141.5(7)C47 C45 C48 O6  −36.3(10) C47 C45 C42 C41  −74.8(14) C47 C45 C42 C43 105.6(11) C47 C45 C42′ C41′   −38(8) C47 C45 C42′ C43′   142(5) C48 C45C46 C47 −104.1(7) C48 C45 C47 C46  103.0(7) C48 C45 C42 C41  71.0(13)C48 C45 C42 C43 −108.6(13) C48 C45 C42′ C41′   106(6) C48 C45 C42′ C43′  −73(7) C39 C36 C37 C38 −176.6(8) C39 C40 C41 C42  −1.2(16) C40 C39 C44F3 −178.7(8) C40 C39 C44 C43  −0.8(15) C40 C41 C42 C45  179.7(9) C40 C41C42 C43  −0.6(17) C41 C42 C43 C44   1.7(17) C42 C45 C46 C47  108.1(9)C42 C45 C47 C46 −109.2(9) C42 C45 C48 O5  −6.3(10) C42 C45 C48 O6 175.9(7) C42 C43 C44 F3  176.9(9) C42 C43 C44 C39  −1.0(16) C44 C39 C40C41   1.9(15) C39′ C36 C37 C38   −180(3) C39′ C40′ C41′ C42′    2(5)C40′ C39′ C44′ F3′   −179(2) C40′ C39′ C44′ C43′    −3(5) C40′ C41′ C42′C45   −180(7) C40′ C41′ C42′ C43′    0(7) C41′ C42′ C43′ C44′    −3(7)C42′ C45 C46 C47   105(2) C42′ C45 C47 C46   −110(3) C42′ C45 C48 O5   −4(2) C42′ C45 C48 O6  177.9(19) C42′ C43′ C44′ F3′   −179(4) C42′C43′ C44′ C39′    4(7) C44′ C39′ C40′ C41′    0(3) Cl7 C50 C51 C52 178.3(6) Cl8 C49 C50 Cl7   0.2(10) Cl8 C49 C50 C51  178.3(6) Cl8 C49C54 C53 −178.4(6) C49 C50 C51 C52   0.2(11) C50 C49 C54 C53   0.3(12)C50 C51 C52 C53   0.0(11) C50 C51 C52 C55 −179.4(8) C50 C51 C52 C55′  −175(3) C51 C52 C53 C54   0.0(11) C51 C52 C55 C56 −153.5(9) C51 C52C55 C60  31.9(14) C51 C52 C55′ C56′  166.9(14) C51 C52 C55′ C60′   −6(6) C52 C53 C54 C49  −0.1(12) C52 C55 C56 C57 −175.1(8) C52 C55 C60F4  −5.5(13) C52 C55 C60 C59  175.0(8) C52 C55′ C56′ C57′   −174(6) C52C55′ C60′ F4′    −8(7) C52 C55′ C60′ C59′   174(5) C53 C52 C55 C56 27.1(14) C53 C52 C55 C60 −147.5(8) C53 C52 C55′ C56′    −8(3) C53 C52C55′ C60′   179(4) C54 C49 C50 Cl7 −178.4(6) C54 C49 C50 C51  −0.4(12)C61 C58 C59 C60 −177.2(8) C61 C58′ C59′ C60′   167(6) C62 C61 C64 O7 151.8(6) C62 C61 C64 O8  −29.2(10) C62 C61 C58 C57  98.3(10) C62 C61C58 C59  −83.4(11) C62 C61 C58′ C57′   136(4) C62 C61 C58′ C59′   −42(7)C63 C61 C64 O7 −144.7(6) C63 C61 C64 O8  34.2(10) C63 C61 C58 C57 31.8(13) C63 C61 C58 C59 −149.9(8) C63 C61 C58′ C57′    64(6) C63 C61C58′ C59′   −114(5) C64 C61 C62 C63  102.4(7) C64 C61 C63 C62 −105.2(7)C64 C61 C58 C57 −114.4(10) C64 C61 C58 C59  63.9(11) C64 C61 C58′ C57′  −81(6) C64 C61 C58′ C59′   102(5) C55 C52 C53 C54  179.4(8) C55 C56C57 C58   0.7(14) C56 C55 C60 F4  179.5(8) C56 C55 C60 C59   0.0(14) C56C57 C58 C61  177.1(8) C56 C57 C58 C59  −1.2(14) C57 C58 C59 C60  1.2(13) C58 C61 C62 C63 −108.3(8) C58 C61 C63 C62  106.3(8) C58 C61C64 O7   3.4(10) C58 C61 C64 O8 −177.7(7) C58 C59 C60 F4  179.9(7) C58C59 C60 C55  −0.5(13) C60 C55 C56 C57   0.0(14) C55′ C52 C53 C54  175(3) C55′ C56′ C57′ C58′    −6(6) C56′ C55′ C60′ F4′   178(2) C56′C55′ C60′ C59′    1(5) C56′ C57′ C58′ C61   −167(5) C56′ C57′ C58′ C59′   11(7) C57′ C58′ C59′ C60′   −10(7) C58′ C61 C62 C63   −115(3) C58′C61 C63 C62   110(2) C58′ C61 C64 O7   5.1(17) C58′ C61 C64 O8−176.0(16) C58′ C59′ C60′ F4′   −173(4) C58′ C59′ C60′ C55′    5(7) C60′C55′ C56′ C57′    −1(3) N1 C65 C66 C67   0.5(12) C65 N1 C69 C68  2.0(10) C65 C66 C67 C68   0.4(11) C66 C67 C68 C69  −0.1(10) C66 C67C68 C70 −177.1(7) C67 C68 C69 N1  −1.2(11) C67 C68 C70 O9  23.3(11) C67C68 C70 N2 −157.1(7) C69 N1 C65 C66  −1.7(11) C69 C68 C70 O9 −153.6(7)C69 C68 C70 N2  26.0(10) C70 C68 C69 N1  175.8(7) N3 C71 C72 C73  1.8(12) C71 N3 C75 C74  −0.1(11) C71 C72 C73 C74  −1.4(11) C72 C73 C74C75   0.3(10) C72 C73 C74 C76  177.0(7) C73 C74 C75 N3   0.4(11) C73 C74C76 O10  −22.4(10) C73 C74 C76 N4  157.2(7) C75 N3 C71 C72  −1.1(11) C75C74 C76 O10  154.2(7) C75 C74 C76 N4  −26.2(10) C76 C74 C75 N3 −176.2(7) N5 C77 C78 C79   0.5(11) C77 N5 C81 C80   1.5(11) C77 C78 C79C80   0.4(11) C78 C79 C80 C81  −0.3(10) C78 C79 C80 C82 −179.5(7) C79C80 C81 N5  −0.6(11) C79 C80 C82 O11 −151.7(7) C79 C80 C82 N6  26.6(11)C81 N5 C77 C78  −1.4(11) C81 C80 C82 O11  29.2(10) C81 C80 C82 N6−152.5(7) C82 C80 C81 N5  178.6(7) N7 C83 C84 C85   0.7(11) C83 N7 C87C86   0.3(11) C83 C84 C85 C86   0.4(11) C84 C85 C86 C87  −1.1(10) C84C85 C86 C88  179.5(7) C85 C86 C87 N7   0.8(11) C85 C86 C88 O12 −152.7(7)C85 C86 C88 N8  28.7(11) C87 N7 C83 C84  −1.0(11) C87 C86 C88 O12 27.9(10) C87 C86 C88 N8 −150.7(7) C88 C86 C87 N7 −179.8(7)

TABLE A7 Hydrogen Atom Coordinates (Å × 10⁴) and Isotropic DisplacementParameters (Å² × 10³) for CSPNCT-supercell. Atom x y z U(eq) H1 10860.447939.64 8296.74 44 H3 6272.84 10584.72 6454.74 33 H5 9981.16 8405.735970.16 39 H6 9590.88 9423.99 5361.48 48 H14A 10201.63 5086.42 7409.5547 H14B 10857.67 4867.38 7888.39 47 H15A 8498.8 5820.18 8182.24 47 H15B7842.89 6039.19 7703.5 47 H8 10670.69 8144.99 6617.07 35 H9 11213.546976.22 7182.27 35 H11 7035.56 8032.5 7489.51 33 H8′ 9906.73 7223.026391.95 35 H9′ 10641.78 6148.72 6978.64 35 H11′ 7634.84 8605.14 7642.1333 H3A 5912.1 7883.64 8295.62 43 H19 1006.66 10201.95 6446.86 35 H215141.95 8638.5 6090.24 41 H22 4719.52 9751.07 5501.47 50 H30A 5267.24900.41 7474.37 41 H30B 5969.35 4743.82 7946.63 41 H31A 3647.76 5702.428252.16 39 H31B 2945.8 5858.96 7780.03 39 H24 5097.7 7256.63 6456.46 35H25 5692.9 6108.85 7024.71 35 H27 2529.08 8417.35 7688.14 33 H24′ 5612.58028.35 6642.1 35 H25′ 6217.29 7154.55 7277.31 35 H27′ 2078.88 7833.547523.06 33 H5A 4442.71 7080.88 1717.9 46 H35 1951.4 4476.07 3510.4 36H37 3493.79 6604.22 4019.43 40 H38 4024.11 5529.78 4620.11 47 H46A 6.169214.52 1771.63 42 H46B −600.78 9045.71 2243.4 42 H47A 764.23 9973.072552.69 42 H47B 1371.12 10141.86 2080.96 42 H40 4089.19 6831.64 3363.9835 H41 3655.9 7962.32 2787.33 35 H43 331.66 7135.87 2503.58 33 H40′2859.76 7669.53 3559.4 35 H41′ 2517.1 8745.21 2967.91 35 H43′ 1358.956517.86 2356.11 33 H7 698.54 2897.91 8268.8 43 H51 3424.79 5248.936416.94 34 H53 1070.73 3558.45 6050.83 36 H54 396.15 4681.4 5471.43 45H62A 5750.25 903.64 7750.75 40 H62B 5160.67 790.97 8230.93 40 H63A3840.14 −204.35 7959.31 41 H63B 4429.68 −91.69 7479.17 41 H56 2562.532180.24 6412.15 35 H57 3011.12 1066.66 7006.33 35 H59 3434.29 3523.557671.75 33 H56′ 1227.83 2818.55 6574.28 35 H57′ 1498.44 1922.33 7216.0135 H59′ 4274.47 3202.37 7564.42 33 H2A 6254.28 4860.77 155.68 37 H2B7453.37 4120.82 428.06 37 H65 7977.14 423.02 1453.78 36 H66 6334.3366.58 983.76 37 H67 5384.91 1820.2 507.33 32 H69 7824.57 3287.07 997.5127 H4A 8745.89 5135.82 9843.98 36 H4B 7572.57 5851.88 9558.81 36 H717067.02 9524.79 8527.35 38 H72 8617 9662.33 9023.26 36 H73 9578.578208.5 9505.51 36 H75 7237.79 6677.64 8991.13 32 H6A 3588.04 517.619995.33 38 H6B 2395.59 1342.61 9742.54 38 H77 2602.47 4528.34 8524.68 35H78 949.74 4512.81 9024.77 34 H79 1586.41 3134.16 9534.77 36 H81 5516.481883.89 9007.6 31 H8A 8551.53 524.98 9984.24 36 H8B 7382.21 1392.969737.68 36 H83 7761.63 4478.42 8497.54 37 H84 6089.43 4518.53 8999.82 37H85 6671.06 3152.73 9520.66 33 H87 10582.56 1783.27 8992.33 31

TABLE 8 Atomic Occupancy for CSPNCT-supercell. Atom Occupancy AtomOccupancy Atom Occupancy F1 0.894(3) C7 0.894(3) C8 0.894(3) H8 0.894(3)C9 0.894(3) H9 0.894(3) C10 0.894(3) C11 0.894(3) H11 0.894(3) C120.894(3) F1′ 0.106(3) C7′ 0.106(3) C8′ 0.106(3) H8′ 0.106(3) C9′0.106(3) H9′ 0.106(3) C10′ 0.106(3) C11′ 0.106(3) H11′ 0.106(3) C12′0.106(3) F2 0.894(3) C23 0.894(3) C24 0.894(3) H24 0.894(3) C25 0.894(3)H25 0.894(3) C26 0.894(3) C27 0.894(3) H27 0.894(3) C28 0.894(3) F2′0.106(3) C23′ 0.106(3) C24′ 0.106(3) H24′ 0.106(3) C25′ 0.106(3) H25′0.106(3) C26′ 0.106(3) C27′ 0.106(3) H27′ 0.106(3) C28′ 0.106(3) F30.894(3) C39 0.894(3) C40 0.894(3) H40 0.894(3) C41 0.894(3) H410.894(3) C42 0.894(3) C43 0.894(3) H43 0.894(3) C44 0.894(3) F3′0.106(3) C39′ 0.106(3) C40′ 0.106(3) H40′ 0.106(3) C41′ 0.106(3) H41′0.106(3) C42′ 0.106(3) C43′ 0.106(3) H43′ 0.106(3) C44′ 0.106(3) F40.894(3) C55 0.894(3) C56 0.894(3) H56 0.894(3) C57 0.894(3) H570.894(3) C58 0.894(3) C59 0.894(3) H59 0.894(3) C60 0.894(3) F4′0.106(3) C55′ 0.106(3) C56′ 0.106(3) H56′ 0.106(3) C57′ 0.106(3) H57′0.106(3) C58′ 0.106(3) C59′ 0.106(3) H59′ 0.106(3) C60′ 0.106(3)

Example 8

The DSC for CSPNCT displayed an endothermic event with an onset at114.0° C., a peak maximum of 116.7° C., and a ΔH of 60.5 J/g with anendset at 121.1° C. This event was followed by a broader endothermicevent with a peak maximum at 159.1° C. and an endset at 183.2° C.Degradation appears to start occurring around 135° C. by TGA. Mass lossfrom ambient temperature to 105.0° C. was 0.3%, and to 122.0° C. was0.6%, and to 183.2° C. was 7.2% (total mass loss).

Results from a completed DVS experiment for CSPNCT (R23809-012-001) from5-95% RH are presented in FIGS. 5 and 6 for the kinetic and isothermalDVS curves, respectively and in Table 11.

TABLE 11 R23809-DVS-012-001, CSPNCT RH RH Mass RH RH Mass Cycle StartStop Change Cycle Start Stop Change 1 of 2 (%) (%) (%) 2 of 2 (%) (%)(%) Adsorp- 5 95 0.17 Adsorp- 5 95 0.18 tion tion Desorp- 95 5 −0.17Desorp- 95 5 −0.17 tion tion

The average water sorbed or desorbed for this material is 0.17±0.00%between 5-95% RH. This material should be considered non-hygroscopic at95% RH (<0.2%, Ph. Eur. 9.0).

The XRPD results for the preexposed and post-exposed materials arepresented in FIG. 7 and are comparable to each other. There were nosolid state form changes for either CSP, CSPNCT, and NCT after exposureto two DVS sorption/desorption cycles. These conclusions were based onthe XRPD patterns of the post-exposed materials having comparable XRPDpatterns to the pre-exposed materials.

Table 12A, 12B and 12C display the tabular results for the water vaporsorption and desorption of CSP, CSPNCT, and NCT, respectively.

TABLE 12A R23809-DVS-003, CSP-1103, lot N1200856 (1-004281-100, 72849)RH RH Mass RH RH Mass Cycle Start Stop Change Cycle Start Stop Change 1of 2 (%) (%) (%) 2 of 2 (%) (%) (%) Adsorp- 5 95 1.10 Adsorp- 5 95 1.13tion tion Desorp- 95 5 −1.11 Desorp- 95 5 −1.13 tion tion

TABLE 12B R23809-DVS-012-001, CSPNCT RH RH Mass RH RH Mass Cycle StartStop Change Cycle Start Stop Change 1 of 2 (%) (%) (%) 2 of 2 (%) (%)(%) Adsorp- 5 95 0.17 Adsorp- 5 95 0.18 tion tion Desorp- 95 5 −0.17Desorp- 95 5 −0.17 tion tion

TABLE 12C R23809-DVS-NCT RH RH Mass RH RH Mass Cycle Start Stop ChangeCycle Start Stop Change 1 of 2 (%) (%) (%) 2 of 2 (%) (%) (%) Adsorp- 595 1.11 Adsorp- 5 95 1.18 tion tion Desorp- 95 5 −1.11 Desorp- 95 5−1.18 tion tion

FIGS. 8A, 8B and 8C display the isotherms for the water vapor sorptionand desorption of CSP, CSPNCT, and NCT, respectively.

The non-hygroscopicity of CSPNCT is a distinct advantage over CSP-1103alone, based on the DVS results.

Example 9

The HPLC assay for CSP-1103 and Coformers was developed.

Method Conditions:

-   -   Column: Agilent Poroshell 120 EC-C18, 4.6×50 mm, 2.7 μm    -   Mobile Phase A: 0.05% TFA in Water    -   Mobile Phase B: 0.05% TFA in ACN    -   Flow Rate: 1.0 mL/min    -   Profile: Gradient (See Table 13A below)    -   Column Temp: 40° C.    -   UV Detection: 262 nm (Bandwidth=4 nm; Reference=OFF)        -   220 nm (Bandwidth=4 nm; Reference=OFF)    -   Concentration: 0.03 mg/L    -   Sample Diluent: 0.05% TFA in 50/50 (v/v) Water/ACN    -   Injection Volume: 2.0 μL    -   Needle Wash Mode: Vial rinse    -   Needle Wash Solvent: Diluent    -   Run Time: 15 minutes.

TABLE 13A Time (min) % Mobile Phase A % Mobile Phase B 0.0 90 10 2.0 9010 7.0 10 90 10.0 10 90 10.1 90 10 15.0 90 10

Expected retention times are provided in Table 13B.

TABLE 13B Retention Time Relative Retention Compound (min) Time AscorbicAcid 0.54 0.07 Nicotinamide 0.56 0.07 Phenylalanine 1.36 0.18 Saccharin1.40 0.18 Caffeine 2.02 0.27 Caffeic Acid 2.48 0.33 Vanillin 3.88 0.51Benzoic Acid 4.71 0.62 CSP-1103 7.59 1.00

Glutamic acid was not detected. Citric acid elutes at the injection voidwith very poor response. All other components were detected withreasonable response levels at 262 nm. Two pairs of unresolved coformersexisted: nicotinamide and ascorbic acid, and phenylalanine andsaccharin.

Method linearity was demonstrated for CSP-1103 from 3-300 μg/mL. Amixture of coformers was prepared and stored at 4° C. to be used forfuture RT marking of the components.

Example 10

A second set of coformers were investigated, focusing on the acid-acidhomosynthon supramolecular structural interaction. Two screens wereattempted: (1) saturated solution cocrystallization and (2)solvent-assisted grinding cocrystallization. The results are presentedin Table 14.

TABLE 14 Saturated Solution Cocrystallization R23809- Solvent CSP MWXRPD 015-### (50 μL) (mmol) Coformer (mg/mmol) mmol Designation Comments001 ethyl 0.10 Succinic 118.09 NA CSPSCA CSP & SCA acetate: Acid 002ethanol 0.10 p- 164.16 NA CSPCOU CSP & COU 1:1 Coumaric Acid 003 0.10Hippuric 179.18 NA CSPHPA CSP & HPA Acid 004 0.10 Fumaric 116.07 NACSPFMA CSP & FMA Acid Solvent Assisted Grinding CocrystallizationR23809- CSP MW XRPD 015-### Solvent (mmol) Coformer (mg/mmol) mmolDesignation Comments 005 ethyl 0.11 Succinic 118.09 0.12 CSPSCA CSP &SCA acetate: Acid 006 ethanol 0.11 p- 164.16 0.11 CSPCOU CSP & COU 1:1Coumaric Acid 007 0.11 Hippuric 179.18 0.12 CSPHPA CSP & HPA Acid 0080.11 Fumaric 116.07 0.11 CSPFMA CSP & FMA Acid

No novel co-crystals were discovered through either of these screens.

All publications, patent applications, patents, and other referencesmentioned herein are incorporated by reference. The references citedherein are not admitted being prior art to the claimed disclosure. Inthe case of conflict, the present specification, including definitions,will control.

What is claimed is:
 1. A pharmaceutical formulation comprising atherapeutically effective amount of an AICD inhibitor, the AICDinhibitor being in a form of a co-crystal, the co-crystal comprising acrystal lattice comprising molecules of the AICD inhibitor and acoformer, the AICD inhibitor interacting nonionically with the coformerin the crystal lattice, wherein the AICD inhibitor includes a carboxylicacid moiety and the coformer is a nonvolatile heterocyclic organiccompound having a pyridinyl moiety, the AICD inhibitor and the coformerbeing associated only by non-ionic and noncovalent bonds, and thecoformer is not a solvent.
 2. The pharmaceutical formulation of claim 1,wherein the coformer is included in an amount sufficient to provide animprovement in a physical property of the AICD inhibitor, as compared toa physical property of the AICD inhibitor without the coformer.
 3. Thepharmaceutical formulation of claim 2, wherein the physical property ishygroscopicity.
 4. The pharmaceutical formulation of claim 1, whereinthe AICD inhibitor is a praced, and the coformer is selected from agroup consisting of nicotinamide, picolinamide, isonicotinamide,isonicotinic acid, and nicotinic acid.
 5. The pharmaceutical formulationof claim 4, wherein the praced is itanapraced.
 6. The pharmaceuticalformulation of claim 5, wherein the coformer is nicotinamide, and astoichiometric ratio of itanapraced to nicotinamide is from about0:8:1.2 to about 1.2:0.8.
 7. The pharmaceutical formulation of claim 6,wherein the stoichiometric ratio is about 1:1.
 8. The pharmaceuticalformulation of claim 6, wherein the co-crystal comprises an X-ray PowderDiffraction Pattern (XRPD) with specific peaks, expressed in 2θ producedfrom a Cu radiation source (λ=1.54 Å after Ni filtering), at about14.63°; 14.90°; 15.56°; 16.71°; 18.24°; 18.46°; 20.03°; 20.27°; 22.01°;22.27°; 24.17°; 24.47°; 26.14°; 26.47°; 27.83°; 28.85°; 29.97°; 30.64°;32.42°; 34.07°; and 39.14°, all +/−0.2 degrees 2θ.
 9. The pharmaceuticalformulation of claim 8, wherein the X-ray Powder Diffraction Pattern(XRPD) is substantially the same as the X-ray Powder Diffraction Pattern(XRPD) shown in FIG. 3A.
 10. A co-crystal comprising itanapraced and acoformer, wherein the coformer is nicotinamide and the co-crystalcomprises an X-ray Powder Diffraction Pattern (XRPD) with specificpeaks, expressed in 2θ produced from a Cu radiation source (λ=1.54 Åafter Ni filtering), at about 14.63°; 14.90°; 15.56°; 16.71°; 18.24°;18.46°; 20.03°; 20.27°; 22.01°; 22.27°; 24.17°; 24.47°; 26.14°; 26.47°;27.83°; 28.85°; 29.97°; 30.64°; 32.42°; 34.07°; and 39.14°, all +/−0.2degrees 2θ.
 11. The co-crystal of claim 10, wherein the X-ray PowderDiffraction Pattern (XRPD) is substantially the same as the X-ray PowderDiffraction Pattern (XRPD) shown in FIG. 3A.
 12. The co-crystal of claim10, which is less hygroscopic than itanapraced.
 13. The co-crystal ofclaim 10, which is more water soluble than itanapraced.
 14. Theco-crystal of claim 10, wherein the itanapraced and the nicotinamide areassociated at a pyridinyl moiety of the nicotinamide and a carboxylicacid moiety of the itanapraced.
 15. The co-crystal of claim 10, whichprovides a first endothermic event with an onset at 114.0° C., a peakmaximum of 116.7° C., and a ΔH of 60.5 J/g, as measured by differentialscanning calorimetry (DSC analysis).
 16. The co-crystal of claim 15,which further provides a second endothermic event with a peak maximum at159.1° C. and an endset at 183.2° C., as measured by differentialscanning calorimetry (DSC analysis).
 17. The co-crystal of claim 10,wherein the itanapraced and the nicotinamide are not bound covalentlyand ionically in the co-crystal.
 18. A solid dosage form comprising apharmaceutical composition comprising a co-crystal according to claim 10and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
 19. The solid dosage formof claim 18, which is which is a tablet or a capsule.
 20. The soliddosage form of claim 18, which is a tablet.